- Collab - lists.millets2023.space

Helping Next Step Produce recovery
by Don Osborn 05 Apr '26

05 Apr '26

Last year I mentioned having been in touch with a grower in southern Maryland who was growing and processing grain pearl millet as well as a number of other crops. This was Heinz Thomet of Next Step Produce https://nextstepproduce.com I just checked out their site and learned that a fire last October destroyed their barn, stores, and equipment. If you'd like to learn more and how you can help, please see https://nextstepproduce.com/about/ . This is a small operation, characterized on their website as a "small family farm." However they have had a wider impact than their size might lead one to expect, including supplying pearl millet to a popular bakery in Washington, DC, and to a noted research project on palatability of breads made with that grain, as well as playing a role in the local food movement in their region. Don Osborn, PhD (East Lansing, MI, US) North American Millets Alliance

2 1

Opportunities for Millets, 2026-27
by Don Osborn 29 Mar '26

29 Mar '26

*Opportunities for Millets 2026-2027* *Source: North American Millets Alliance (NAMA) Immediate Release: March 16, 2026* *Supply status of various millets for 2026:* Processors who want to incorporate a specific millet into their product lines need to know what millets are available in North America.[1] <#_edn1> Except for field run (a.k.a. bin run) proso, it is highly recommended that processors and users contract supplies from reliable seed suppliers by May 2026 and schedule deliveries by September 2026.[2] <#_edn2> Since various millets will be harvested throughout North America in the fall of 2026, food and beverage processors and non-seed users should commit to pounds intended to be used before seed is treated for planting. To ensure high quality food products, it is highly recommended to also use NAMA’s Proso Millet Grading Standards-- https://millets2023.space/ProsoStandards.html and https://youtu.be/AbLGbhi1g3g?si=0bTUwOoOJ3nHSSKT. (Note: Grain and seed millets are produced and stored the same way, except for hybrid pearl millet. Consequently, seed millets can be processed for edible consumption before any storage or seed treatments have been applied.) *North American Millets Availability, 2026-27* Contact seed suppliers for high quality grains *Scientific name** & commonly used name* *Varieties* *Food marketing names [3] <#_edn3>* *Spring 2026* *Fall 2026-27 expected supplies* *2026-27 Recommendations* *Panicum miliaceum* *proso millet* proso (bin) proso Plentiful Plentiful Contract 2026 production helpful but not mandatory waxy/ Plateau proso waxy proso Limited Available if contracted Available if contracted food grade DLG317 proso proso Limited Available if contracted Available if contracted *Setaria italica* *foxtail millet* Italian millet, xiaomi, or kangni [4] <#_edn4> Expect high demand, some varieties limited Expect shortages some varieties Contract supplies by May 2026 for fall/winter 2026-27 *Pennisetum glaucum* (*Cenchrus americanus*) *pearl millet* pearl millet, or bajra [5] <#_edn5> hybrid seed adequate, grain very limited Very limited grain availability Contract supplies by May 2026 for fall/winter 2026-27 *Echinochloa esculenta * *Japanese millet* Japanese millet, or barnyard millet [6] <#_edn6> Limited Expect shortages Contract supplies by May 2026 for fall/winter 2026-27 *Urochloa ramosa*, (*Brachiaria ramosa*) *brown top millet* Limited Expect shortages in some local markets Contract supplies by May 2026 for fall/winter 2026-27 *Eragrostis tef* *teff* teff Limited Expect shortages Contract supplies by May 2026 for fall/winter 2026-27 *Other millets: **Eleusine coracana*, also known as finger millet or Ragi, is in experimental stage development in the U.S. *Digitaria exilis* also known as Fonio, *Panicum sumatrense* better known as Little millet, and *Paspalum scrobiculatum* often referred to as Kodo are not produced in North America. ------------------------------ [1] <#_ednref1> “Millet” is a generic term similar to “grain,” and is applied to as many as 20 separate crop species. The six presented in this table are significant crops in North America. Sorghum is often included among the millets, but its much more widely grown with numerous varieties, and as such it is better analyzed separately. [2] <#_ednref2> Always contract using the trade name. Scientific name is recommended with a millet like Japanese that has more than one species or to eliminate species confusion [3] <#_ednref3> These suggested trade names are based on the commonly used English name, or suggested as more suitable for optimal marketing purposes. It is anticipated that some of these may change. [4] <#_ednref4> The term “foxtail” is problematic in American agriculture, as it also refers to a weedy grass. “Italian millet” is an established, but less commonly used name for *Setaria italica* (despite the name, the grain has ancient roots in China, which today produces more of it than any other country). “Xiaomi” (Mandarin Chinese) is familiar in the Chinese-American community, which Is a significant market for this grain, and “kangni” is a Hindi name that would be recognizable in the Indian-American community. [5] <#_ednref5> “Bajra” is a name for pearl millet that is widely used in India, and is familiar in the Indian-American community, which is a significant market for this grain. [6] <#_ednref6> The term “barnyard millet” is more familiar internationally. It, and in the US, “Japanese millet,” are also used for a closely-related species, *Echinochloa frumentacea*, which is also edible. The latter is distinguished internationally as “Indian barnyard millet,” but in the US is sometimes also called “billion-dollar grass.” ----------- *A PDF version of this release can be downloaded at https://millets2023.space/docs/Opportunities%20for%20Millets%202026-27.pdf <https://millets2023.space/docs/Opportunities%20for%20Millets%202026-27.pdf> *

3 3

Effects of rise in fertilizer costs on crop choices
by Don Osborn 12 Mar '26

12 Mar '26

We're seeing stories about the potential effects of the rise in fertilizer prices (an impact of the current war in the Middle East) on farmer crop choices and on global food supply. Here are two articles, one focusing on the US, and the other on global effects. "Prolonged Iran War Could Shrink US Corn Acres, Analysts Say: 'Prices for fertilizer jumped from $516 per metric ton on Friday to up to $683 at the import hub of New Orleans on Thursday'," Morning Ag Clips, 9 arch 2026 https://www.morningagclips.com/prolonged-iran-war-could-shrink-us-corn-acre… (Apparently growers are considering alternatives to corn that don't require as much nitrogen fertilizer input.) "The war in Iran could plunge the world into hunger: Farmers from Iowa to India depend on fossil fuel-based fertilizers. Much of their supply is stuck in the Persian Gulf," by Ayurella Horn-Muller, Grist, 11 March 2026 https://grist.org/food-and-agriculture/the-war-in-iran-could-plunge-the-wor… (Article discusses a number of issues around the world.) While one would never wish this scenario for any reason, three questions are: * whether crops like millets requiring less inputs will receive more attention, * how ready we are to shift to such crops, and * whether, in making such a shift at this time, adequate production levels can be achieved. Don Osborn, PhD (East Lansing, MI, US) North American Millets Alliance

1 0

Comparison of proso & foxtail millets (Re: Collab Digest, Vol 49, Issue 10)
by Don Osborn 12 Mar '26

12 Mar '26

You're welcome, Gary, and thank you for the additional information and clarifications. As you've shown, it's important to read any research article critically. I tried to find any good comparison of proso and foxtail root systems, but turned up no useful contrasts. Both, as you note have shallow root systems, and proso is better able to cope in drier conditions. (Among millets, pearl millet - a much bigger plant - has the deepest root system, deeper even than sorghum.) Proso and foxtail share somewhat similar histories, originating in ancient times in what is now China, and spreading across Eurasia and beyond. There are differences, as these are separate species, of course, and I think it would be interesting to see a deep dive into both the physical differences, and their histories. In regions where they both were and are present, how did or do farmers (and their communities) chose among or manage the two? Two present day comparisons in the US, which also include several other millets: * "Growing Millets for Grain, Forage or Cover Crop Use" is Rob Myers' 2018 survey, and remains an excellent overview. Dr. Myers, who is at University of Missouri, helped NAMA get started with the 2023 Millets Webinar series. * "Types of Millet Grown in the High Plains" is a regionally focused summery of proso, foxtail, pearl, and finger millets by the High Plains Millet Association https://extension.missouri.edu/publications/g4164 Don DO, EL, MI, US NAMA On Thu, Mar 5, 2026 at 4:50 PM Gary Wietgrefe via Collab < collab(a)lists.millets2023.space> wrote: > Fascinating paper. Thank you Don. > > Dates and movement of millets is interesting, but in the era of decreased > water for agriculture, I found the historic record "Impact of Climate > Change" summary very interesting and beneficial for today's need for > millets. That general area is where I did proso millet research (Mongolia > and Turkey). > > 1.) I disagree that foxtail millet has deep root system as stated "...while > its drought resilience relied on deep root systems and efficient stomatal > regulation." > > 2.) I confirm that both foxtail and proso millets are very drought tolerant > and respond to light irrigation at critical growth stages. > > In this copied summary proso millet (200 mm = 7.9 inches/year) takes > slightly less minimum moisture to mature into grain than foxtail millets > (>250 mm = 9.4 inches/year). > > "Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), > as archetypal drought-tolerant crops, exhibited distinct thermal and > hydrological adaptations. Foxtail millet required an accumulated > temperature of 1800–2800 °C·d and was adapted to semi-arid environments > with annual precipitation of 250–600 mm. Its seedlings tolerated brief > frosts down to −2 °C, while its drought resilience relied on deep root > systems and efficient stomatal regulation. Broomcorn millet demonstrated > greater cold tolerance (withstanding −5 °C frosts), required lower > accumulated temperatures (1500–2500 °C·d), and thrived in more arid > conditions (≥200 mm annual precipitation). Both crops grew in saline soils > typical of arid zones, traits that rendered them pivotal in early > trans-climatic agricultural dispersal." > > After the Soviet Union collapsed, I sent U.S. proso millet varieties to > Mongolia where they were planted in an extremely dry area receiving only 90 > mm/year average precipitation. Millet variety trials were watered pre-plant > and four times at critical growth stages at 400 m3/ha and 600 m3/ha. See > (PDF) > Ancient Proso Millet and the Twentieth Century Survival of Mongolia > < > https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358270886_Ancient_Proso_Millet_and… > > > . > > *RESEARCH NEEDED*: In order to reduce U.S. water wasted on irrigating rice > and corn, proso and foxtail millet irrigation trials need to be conducted > by variety to optimize millets yield and minimize water use....Gary > Wietgrefe > > > On Wed, Mar 4, 2026 at 5:00 PM <collab-request(a)lists.millets2023.space> > wrote: > > > Send Collab mailing list submissions to > > collab(a)lists.millets2023.space > > > > To subscribe or unsubscribe via email, send a message with subject or > > body 'help' to > > collab-request(a)lists.millets2023.space > > > > You can reach the person managing the list at > > collab-owner(a)lists.millets2023.space > > > > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific > > than "Re: Contents of Collab digest..." > > > > Today's Topics: > > > > 1. Proso & foxtail millets cross Altai Mountains in Bronze Age > > (Don Osborn) > > > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > > > Message: 1 > > Date: Wed, 4 Mar 2026 11:29:15 -0500 > > From: Don Osborn <don(a)milletsalliance.org> > > Subject: [Collab] Proso & foxtail millets cross Altai Mountains in > > Bronze Age > > To: "NAMA's Collab list" <collab(a)lists.millets2023.space> > > Message-ID: > > < > > CA+RHibUw0YioiAkUy6sgF9D1cjqT-3xELiGwMHzaVud8bHFvfw(a)mail.gmail.com> > > Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" > > > > A recent article sheds light on the Altai Mountains as a key region in > the > > process of spread of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet > > (Setaria italica) from China west and across Eurasia. This would begin at > > an earlier period of the Bronze Age than that discussed in an article I > > shared here in a few weeks ago./1 The Altai Mountains are in the area of > > the borders of present day China, Russia, Mongolia, and Khazakhstan. /2 > > > > Tan, B., Tang, L., Lu, C. *et al.* "Millet in the Bronze Age Altai > > Mountains: discovery, progress and research prospects." *npj Heritage > > Science* *13*, 299 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-025-01871-z > /3 > > > > Abstract: > > "The Altai Mountains were a main channel and a key connection for the > > spread of millet, but little is known about the spatiotemporal process > and > > route of its spread. In this paper, the multiple evidences of millet > > transmission in the Altai Mountains in the Bronze Age are reviewed; the > > spatiotemporal process and possible pathways of millet’s dissemination is > > discussed; Future research priorities and possible directions of > > breakthroughs are proposed." > > > > Comments: > > This is another important piece in the picture of the spread of proso and > > foxtail millets. It is a topic that various researchers have /4 > > > > The period examined seems broad, extending through different eras within > > the Bronze Age,/5 and into the early Iron Age. There's a lot of > interesting > > information and analysis here. For me, it would have helped to have a > > summary of findings by period. > > > > One problem, which I consider to be significant, is that one has to dig > > halfway into the article to verify that the authors are indeed writing > > about two millets - proso and foxtail. That could have been made clear at > > the beginning. > > > > Although at one point the authors note the "distinct thermal and > > hydrological adaptations" of these two millets, there was no discussion > of > > whether the data woould enable exploration of sub-narratives for each of > > them in the story of millets' presence in Altai. There was discussion of > > how "Starch grains from cultivated millets exhibited near-identical > > morphological overlap with wild progenitors and relatives, notably > Setaria > > viridis (green foxtail) and Panicum bisulcatum (panic grass)," but I saw > no > > mention of whether one might still be able to distinguish Setarias from > > Panicums. > > > > Definitely worth reading if you are like me interested in the > (pre)history > > of dissemination of millets. > > > > Don Osborn, PhD > > (East Lansing, MI, US - +1 202-621-3911) > > North American Millets Alliance > > > > Notes: > > 1. "Proso millet improved life in late Bronze Age Europe," Collab, 31 Jan > > 2026 > > > > > https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac… > > 2, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains > > 3. The full list of authors: Bo Tan, Lei Tang, Chao Lu, Lai Jiang, > Jinmeng > > Tang, Liyuan Zheng, Yong Zhang, Wensheng Zhang & Chengbang An > > 4. Regarding proso in particular, see for example: "Early history of > proso > > millet in Europe (2022 book)," Collab, 30 Jul 2024 > > > > > https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac… > > & > > < > https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac… > > > > the article by Harriet Hunt, et al mentioned in "Lessons from antiquity > > (& the 1990s) for the marketing of proso millet today?" Collab, 26 Jan > 2024 > > > > > https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac… > > 5. For an overview of that period, see > > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age > > > > ------------------------------ > > > > Subject: Digest Footer > > > > > > > > -- > > Collab mailing list -- collab(a)lists.millets2023.space > > To unsubscribe send an email to collab-leave(a)lists.millets2023.space > > > > > > ------------------------------ > > > > End of Collab Digest, Vol 49, Issue 10 > > ************************************** > > > > > -- > Author, Gary W. Wietgrefe, > https://www.RelatingtoAncients.com/ > Enjoy Wietgrefe's (pronounced "wit' grif") dozen books, patents, and > international research on millets, agronomy, cultural changes, travel > adventure, poetry, and history. > > > -- > Collab mailing list -- collab(a)lists.millets2023.space > To unsubscribe send an email to collab-leave(a)lists.millets2023.space >

1 0

Re: Collab Digest, Vol 49, Issue 10
by Gary Wietgrefe 05 Mar '26

05 Mar '26

Fascinating paper. Thank you Don. Dates and movement of millets is interesting, but in the era of decreased water for agriculture, I found the historic record "Impact of Climate Change" summary very interesting and beneficial for today's need for millets. That general area is where I did proso millet research (Mongolia and Turkey). 1.) I disagree that foxtail millet has deep root system as stated "...while its drought resilience relied on deep root systems and efficient stomatal regulation." 2.) I confirm that both foxtail and proso millets are very drought tolerant and respond to light irrigation at critical growth stages. In this copied summary proso millet (200 mm = 7.9 inches/year) takes slightly less minimum moisture to mature into grain than foxtail millets (>250 mm = 9.4 inches/year). "Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), as archetypal drought-tolerant crops, exhibited distinct thermal and hydrological adaptations. Foxtail millet required an accumulated temperature of 1800–2800 °C·d and was adapted to semi-arid environments with annual precipitation of 250–600 mm. Its seedlings tolerated brief frosts down to −2 °C, while its drought resilience relied on deep root systems and efficient stomatal regulation. Broomcorn millet demonstrated greater cold tolerance (withstanding −5 °C frosts), required lower accumulated temperatures (1500–2500 °C·d), and thrived in more arid conditions (≥200 mm annual precipitation). Both crops grew in saline soils typical of arid zones, traits that rendered them pivotal in early trans-climatic agricultural dispersal." After the Soviet Union collapsed, I sent U.S. proso millet varieties to Mongolia where they were planted in an extremely dry area receiving only 90 mm/year average precipitation. Millet variety trials were watered pre-plant and four times at critical growth stages at 400 m3/ha and 600 m3/ha. See (PDF) Ancient Proso Millet and the Twentieth Century Survival of Mongolia <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358270886_Ancient_Proso_Millet_and…> . *RESEARCH NEEDED*: In order to reduce U.S. water wasted on irrigating rice and corn, proso and foxtail millet irrigation trials need to be conducted by variety to optimize millets yield and minimize water use....Gary Wietgrefe On Wed, Mar 4, 2026 at 5:00 PM <collab-request(a)lists.millets2023.space> wrote: > Send Collab mailing list submissions to > collab(a)lists.millets2023.space > > To subscribe or unsubscribe via email, send a message with subject or > body 'help' to > collab-request(a)lists.millets2023.space > > You can reach the person managing the list at > collab-owner(a)lists.millets2023.space > > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific > than "Re: Contents of Collab digest..." > > Today's Topics: > > 1. Proso & foxtail millets cross Altai Mountains in Bronze Age > (Don Osborn) > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Message: 1 > Date: Wed, 4 Mar 2026 11:29:15 -0500 > From: Don Osborn <don(a)milletsalliance.org> > Subject: [Collab] Proso & foxtail millets cross Altai Mountains in > Bronze Age > To: "NAMA's Collab list" <collab(a)lists.millets2023.space> > Message-ID: > < > CA+RHibUw0YioiAkUy6sgF9D1cjqT-3xELiGwMHzaVud8bHFvfw(a)mail.gmail.com> > Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" > > A recent article sheds light on the Altai Mountains as a key region in the > process of spread of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet > (Setaria italica) from China west and across Eurasia. This would begin at > an earlier period of the Bronze Age than that discussed in an article I > shared here in a few weeks ago./1 The Altai Mountains are in the area of > the borders of present day China, Russia, Mongolia, and Khazakhstan. /2 > > Tan, B., Tang, L., Lu, C. *et al.* "Millet in the Bronze Age Altai > Mountains: discovery, progress and research prospects." *npj Heritage > Science* *13*, 299 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-025-01871-z /3 > > Abstract: > "The Altai Mountains were a main channel and a key connection for the > spread of millet, but little is known about the spatiotemporal process and > route of its spread. In this paper, the multiple evidences of millet > transmission in the Altai Mountains in the Bronze Age are reviewed; the > spatiotemporal process and possible pathways of millet’s dissemination is > discussed; Future research priorities and possible directions of > breakthroughs are proposed." > > Comments: > This is another important piece in the picture of the spread of proso and > foxtail millets. It is a topic that various researchers have /4 > > The period examined seems broad, extending through different eras within > the Bronze Age,/5 and into the early Iron Age. There's a lot of interesting > information and analysis here. For me, it would have helped to have a > summary of findings by period. > > One problem, which I consider to be significant, is that one has to dig > halfway into the article to verify that the authors are indeed writing > about two millets - proso and foxtail. That could have been made clear at > the beginning. > > Although at one point the authors note the "distinct thermal and > hydrological adaptations" of these two millets, there was no discussion of > whether the data woould enable exploration of sub-narratives for each of > them in the story of millets' presence in Altai. There was discussion of > how "Starch grains from cultivated millets exhibited near-identical > morphological overlap with wild progenitors and relatives, notably Setaria > viridis (green foxtail) and Panicum bisulcatum (panic grass)," but I saw no > mention of whether one might still be able to distinguish Setarias from > Panicums. > > Definitely worth reading if you are like me interested in the (pre)history > of dissemination of millets. > > Don Osborn, PhD > (East Lansing, MI, US - +1 202-621-3911) > North American Millets Alliance > > Notes: > 1. "Proso millet improved life in late Bronze Age Europe," Collab, 31 Jan > 2026 > > https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac… > 2, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains > 3. The full list of authors: Bo Tan, Lei Tang, Chao Lu, Lai Jiang, Jinmeng > Tang, Liyuan Zheng, Yong Zhang, Wensheng Zhang & Chengbang An > 4. Regarding proso in particular, see for example: "Early history of proso > millet in Europe (2022 book)," Collab, 30 Jul 2024 > > https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac… > & > <https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac…> > the article by Harriet Hunt, et al mentioned in "Lessons from antiquity > (& the 1990s) for the marketing of proso millet today?" Collab, 26 Jan 2024 > > https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac… > 5. For an overview of that period, see > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age > > ------------------------------ > > Subject: Digest Footer > > > > -- > Collab mailing list -- collab(a)lists.millets2023.space > To unsubscribe send an email to collab-leave(a)lists.millets2023.space > > > ------------------------------ > > End of Collab Digest, Vol 49, Issue 10 > ************************************** > -- Author, Gary W. Wietgrefe, https://www.RelatingtoAncients.com/ Enjoy Wietgrefe's (pronounced "wit' grif") dozen books, patents, and international research on millets, agronomy, cultural changes, travel adventure, poetry, and history.

1 0

Proso & foxtail millets cross Altai Mountains in Bronze Age
by Don Osborn 04 Mar '26

04 Mar '26

A recent article sheds light on the Altai Mountains as a key region in the process of spread of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) from China west and across Eurasia. This would begin at an earlier period of the Bronze Age than that discussed in an article I shared here in a few weeks ago./1 The Altai Mountains are in the area of the borders of present day China, Russia, Mongolia, and Khazakhstan. /2 Tan, B., Tang, L., Lu, C. *et al.* "Millet in the Bronze Age Altai Mountains: discovery, progress and research prospects." *npj Heritage Science* *13*, 299 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-025-01871-z /3 Abstract: "The Altai Mountains were a main channel and a key connection for the spread of millet, but little is known about the spatiotemporal process and route of its spread. In this paper, the multiple evidences of millet transmission in the Altai Mountains in the Bronze Age are reviewed; the spatiotemporal process and possible pathways of millet’s dissemination is discussed; Future research priorities and possible directions of breakthroughs are proposed." Comments: This is another important piece in the picture of the spread of proso and foxtail millets. It is a topic that various researchers have /4 The period examined seems broad, extending through different eras within the Bronze Age,/5 and into the early Iron Age. There's a lot of interesting information and analysis here. For me, it would have helped to have a summary of findings by period. One problem, which I consider to be significant, is that one has to dig halfway into the article to verify that the authors are indeed writing about two millets - proso and foxtail. That could have been made clear at the beginning. Although at one point the authors note the "distinct thermal and hydrological adaptations" of these two millets, there was no discussion of whether the data woould enable exploration of sub-narratives for each of them in the story of millets' presence in Altai. There was discussion of how "Starch grains from cultivated millets exhibited near-identical morphological overlap with wild progenitors and relatives, notably Setaria viridis (green foxtail) and Panicum bisulcatum (panic grass)," but I saw no mention of whether one might still be able to distinguish Setarias from Panicums. Definitely worth reading if you are like me interested in the (pre)history of dissemination of millets. Don Osborn, PhD (East Lansing, MI, US - +1 202-621-3911) North American Millets Alliance Notes: 1. "Proso millet improved life in late Bronze Age Europe," Collab, 31 Jan 2026 https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac… 2, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains 3. The full list of authors: Bo Tan, Lei Tang, Chao Lu, Lai Jiang, Jinmeng Tang, Liyuan Zheng, Yong Zhang, Wensheng Zhang & Chengbang An 4. Regarding proso in particular, see for example: "Early history of proso millet in Europe (2022 book)," Collab, 30 Jul 2024 https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac… & the article by Harriet Hunt, et al mentioned in "Lessons from antiquity (& the 1990s) for the marketing of proso millet today?" Collab, 26 Jan 2024 https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac… 5. For an overview of that period, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age

1 0

Millets - Prominent World Grains
by Don Osborn 28 Feb '26

28 Feb '26

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE by North American Millets Alliance – February 23, 2026 Millets—Prominent World Grains Millets are healthy substitutes for the main cereal grains used in foods and beverages. Millets also make excellent poultry and livestock feeds. This group of small-grain plant species offers crop diversity and water efficiency. The world has become too reliant on three grain crops—corn, wheat and rice. Together they account for 89% of the world grain production planted on 82.4% of all world grain acres. What if a disease devastates one or more of those key grain crops? Economic disruption or even worldwide famine could result. It would take a decade of crop breeding and seed production to produce a crop resistant to such a disease. Meanwhile, many could starve. Excluding corn, rice and wheat, a dozen genetically diverse millets already account for 21.6% of the eleven remaining grains categorized by the United Nations. These millets are potentially critical for global food security. Water is a precious resource. Water means life. Why waste it? Drought tolerant millets are excellent substitutes for water-hungry food and forage crops. Only 1.2% of U.S. proso grain is irrigated; meanwhile 100% of U.S. rice is irrigated. Easy to grow with low input costs, millets are short-season grains that can be rotated with corn, wheat, soybeans or any other grain. North American farmers have proven ability to produce a range of food and feed millets, including proso, pearl, foxtail, Japanese, brown top, and teff. Food processors can access a ready domestic supply of these, particularly proso, for use in a variety of products. Just three U.S. states, Colorado, Nebraska, and South Dakota produce and average of 741 million pounds of proso grain. That is twice the entire world’s quinoa production. Millets offer healthy eating options, and there are opportunities to develop markets for them and their products. On your next visit to your local grocery, health food outlet, or international food market, ask for millet products. North American Millets Alliance: https://millets2023.space/. This release in PDF format: https://millets2023.space/docs/Millets-Prominent-World-Grains-2026Feb23.pdf

3 5

More on little millet
by Don Osborn 28 Feb '26

28 Feb '26

As we close out February 2026, in which little millet is our millet-of-the-month, here are a few more items that were published within the past year. The first two are research articles, on little millets and nutrition. Then follow links to various webpage articles on little millet. (Earlier this month, I posted about an article on the decoding of the little millet genome at https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac… ) ------ Komal G Lakhani, Kirankumar P Suthar, Diwakar Singh, Priyanka Peddi, Nilima Karmakar, and Harshal E Patil. "Nutritional and phytochemical profiling of little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth. ex Roem & Schult.) genotypes." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2026 Jan 30;106(2):854-869. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.70216. Epub 2025 Oct 10. PMID: 41070585. https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.70216 Also at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41070585/ (unfortunately, the full article is paywalled) Abstract- "Background: Little millet (Panicum sumatrense) is an underutilized cereal with the potential to enhance nutritional security, particularly in areas facing malnutrition. Despite its resilience and adaptability, its nutritional profile has not been characterized comprehensively across genotypes. "Results: This study presents the nutritional and phytochemical profiling of little millet genotypes conserved by local farmers and tribal communities in South Gujarat, India. Proximate analysis revealed substantial variation, with mean values for moisture (812 ± 1.1 g kg-1), carbohydrate (681.4 ± 2.9 g kg-1), protein (62.5 ± 0.5 g kg-1), fat (16.9-40.2 ± 0.4 g kg-1), fiber (32.3 ± 0.7 g kg-1), and ash (43.3 ± 0.9 g kg-1). Mineral profiling indicated diverse micronutrient levels: Zn (39.4 ± 1.9 mg kg-1), Fe (48.4 ± 2.7 mg kg-1), Mn (2.5 ± 0.2 mg kg-1), P (1146.4 ± 168.8 mg kg-1), K (2386.7 ± 622.1 mg kg-1), Ca (184.6 ± 11.4 mg kg-1), Cu (50.6 ± 0.9 mg kg-1), and Mg (1331.9 ± 283.2 mg kg-1). Phytochemical profiling showed that total phenol content (1021.9 ± 1.4 mg kg-1) was ~1.5 times higher than that in foxtail millet and was also rich in flavonoids, phytic acid, tannins, cyanide, oxalate, and trypsin inhibitors. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) identified the WV-151, WV-153, and WV-158 genotypes as rich in essential amino acids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics detected 120 metabolites, including oleic acid and flavonoids with cardiovascular benefits. "Conclusion: Little millet genotypes possess substantial nutritional and phytochemical diversity. These findings emphasize their potential for inclusion in dietary interventions and crop improvement programs aimed at enhancing food and nutritional security." ------ Kumari, Annu, Sadh, Pardeep Kumar, Kamboj, Ajay, Yadav, Babli, Kumar, Anil, Sivakumar, S., Surekha, Saharan, Baljeet Singh, Brar, Basanti, Goyal, Chhaya, Dhull, Sanju Bala, Duhan, and Joginder Singh, "Exploring the Benefits of Nutrition of Little Millet: Unveiling the Effect of Processing Methods on Bioactive Properties," Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2025, 2488816, 25 pages, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1155/jfbc/2488816 Also at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388082262_Exploring_the_Benefits_o… Abstract: "Many terrible illnesses and disorders that modern man is dealing with today were not even known to ancient man. The only factor contributing to this disastrous situation is dietary habits. Thus, by avoiding and controlling them, replacing meals high in empty calories with nutrient-dense millets helps to alleviate the combined burden of contemporary metabolic illnesses and malnutrition. Because millet contains various nutrients, including proteins, minerals, lipids, vitamins, phytochemicals, dietary fiber, and complex carbohydrates, it positively impacts the immune system. Among whole millets, little millet (Panicum sumatrense) is one nutritious millet that contributes significantly to the supply of macro- and micronutrients and bioactive substances, including phenols, tannins, and phytates. However, some processing techniques, such as germination, fermentation, milling, and extrusion, impact little millet’s nutrients and bioactive chemicals by increasing or decreasing these phytochemicals. These nutrients and bioactive substances have physiological and beneficial properties related to health, such as weight management, antioxidants, antidiabetics, anticancer, antiobesity, and cardiovascular disease potential. It is also beneficial in preventing the risk of inflammatory, antirheumatic, and chronic disorders, as it possesses various value-added bioactive compounds such as kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin. Little millet also contains some antinutrients such as tannins, oxalate, trypsin inhibitors, and phytate. These substances bind to the necessary nutrients, rendering them unavailable or limiting their utilization. The nutrients, processing effects, bioactive compounds, and health advantages of these compounds in little millet are all summarized in this paper." ------ Here are 5 webpage or blog articles on little millet. These tend to follow a similar format, with info on the grain itself, nutrition, benefits, how to prepare & cook, cautions, and sometimes recipes: * "Little Millet: Small Grain, Big Nutrition," Vainatey Organics (brand blog), 20 February 2026 https://vainateyorganics.com/little-millet-small-grain-big-nutrition/ * "Little Millet Benefits And Side Effects: The Must Read Guide," Yummy Valley (brand blog) 21 January 2026 https://yummy-valley.com/blogs/guides/little-millet-benefits * ”Little Millet: Big Benefits for Everyday Health," by Shailja Shukla, ''Prolicious'', 30 Oct 2025 https://prolicious.com/blogs/articles/little-millet-big-benefits-for-everyd… * "Cooking and Storing Little Millet for Nutrition and Taste," True Story (brand blog), 16 July 2025 https://www.truestoryorganics.com/blog/how-to-cook-store-little-millets/ * "Little Millet: Health Benefits, Nutrition & Side Effects You Should Know," Millex (brand blog), 12 April 2025 https://millex.in/blogs/news/little-millet-health-benefits-nutrition-side-e… Don Osborn, PhD (East Lansing, MI, US) North American Millets Alliance

1 0

Better names for little millst & other millets (Re: Re: Collab Digest, Vol 49, Issue 4)
by Don Osborn 18 Feb '26

18 Feb '26

Thanks, Gary, for this question and the ideas. I've had an interest in nomenclature for millets for a while, with the idea that the binomial names with "millet" we use for many of them are confusing, and tend to lead to a collapsing of these distinct grains into one amorphous category. I'll come back to that, but first to the issue you raise. "Little millet" (Panicum sumatrense) has to be the least distinguishing combination for one crop species out of many that are known for small grains (i.e., the millets). And potentially confusing as well. One Senegalese friend who's a history professor once asked about the relationship between "little millet" and the grain commonly known in the French of West Africa as "petit mil," which also translates as "little millet." In the parlance of that region, petit mil is pearl millet, and gros mil ( millet) is sorghum. Of course, little millet and pearl millet are different in many ways. It turns out that in French, a name for the former is "petit millet" - that language having in effect two ways to refer to millet: mil (which in my understanding correlates with "major millets"); and "millet" (minor or small millets, and sometimes the whole bunch). That's a different discussion, so will leave it there for now. Sama and variants, as you note, are indeed frequent common names among languages of India. However, there is also an overlap with terminology for Indian barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea)./1 /2 /3 A search on "sama millet" turned up the latter, rather than little millet. So it seems there is a potential for confusion - even if separate names that are similar are involved. There would seem to be a benefit to reviewing the overall millets namespace before assigning names for those millets like little millet that are less well known - or virtually unknown - worldwide. Since little millet is more cultivated and marketed in India, e might look to how it is most referred to in English there, and for comparisons with how barnyard millet is handled. Borrowing and adapting names from other languages is a time-honored tradition. We already have terms from Indian languages adopted into English as used in India: "ragi" (Hindi, Kannada) for finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and "kodo" (Hindi, and variations in Gujarati & Marathi) for kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum). We sometimes see "ragi millet," which is a bit redundant, but the "millet" component is not needed outside perhaps of cases where disambiguation is helpful. We typically see "kodo millet" (altho where it is known as a weed, other names like rice grass are used), but one can easily use just "kodo" where the context is clear. "Ragi" is used alone on the front of packages of grain or flour of finger millet from India, whereas I Proso, as you note, is already used in English. It of course comes from Slavic languages like Ukranian, Polish, and Russian (altho the latter language, at least, also has a different name for the plant). Proso stands alone easily, and we're already using it sometimes in that way. A different case is "adlay," occasionally also seen as "adlay millet," for Job's tears. Adlay comes from Cebuano and/or Tagalog, and is already seen in various contexts - articles and on packaged grains - altho not consistently. Regarding foxtail millet (Setaria italica), * I'm not sure that a different binomial common name would be the best solution. You suggested "Italian millet" based on the specific name, but of course this millet originated in and is most produced for grain in China. Interestingly, as has been mentioned on Collab previously, the term "Chinese millet" has been used to describe foxtail millet as it is being introduced in East Africa (with particular mention of Uganda)./4 * A while back, I suggested using the Chinese "xiaomi" (pronounced shao-me), which applies to the grain (there's another name for the plant)./5 TO be honest, however, I'm not sure how easy it would be to popularize this term in this spelling, or even another spelling. * Spanish has "panizo," and Italian "panico," which refer to foxtail millet, but as common names, they have had other applications as well. And other binomial terms are used more currently to apply to this grain. Confusingly, the root for panizo and panico is the Latin panus, which is also the root for the Panicum genus. So this is also probably a non-starter. (It almost seems that the references of the Latin "pānus" and "milium" flipped between * There are various names in the languages of India * One might also look at Slavic languages, where "chumiza" (or variants) is used for this grain in distinction from proso. Returning to little millet, we might ask the authors of the article I just cited to ask what ideas they have. Then too, freinds of NAMA who are familiar with this grain and marketing of it in India. The questions would benefit from the comparison with names for barnyard millets as mentioned above. In general, I think there is an advantage to having single unique names for millets - such as we already have for sorghum (a.k.a. milo), teff, and fonio, and are emerging for proso, ragi, kodo, and adlay. They confer a clearer identity, and can be moe useful in marketing. It's likely a long process, but good to get it underway. Thanks for raising the question All the best, Don Don Osborn, PhD (East Lansing, MI, US) North American Millets Alliance Notes: 1. https://www.secondrecipe.com/millets-pictures-with-names/ 2. https://aaraliving.com/millets-of-india/ 3. https://pammiskitchen.weebly.com/names-of-millets-in-different-languages.ht… 4. https://lists.millets2023.space/archives/list/collab@lists.millets2023.spac… 5. https://donosborn.org/blog/2015/four-millets-3-foxtail-millet-or-xiaomi/ 6. It almost seems that the references of the original Latin "pānus" and "milium" flipped between proso and foxtail over the course of evolution of West European languages. Not in a position to argue the case at this time, however. On Mon, Feb 16, 2026 at 10:04 AM Gary Wietgrefe via Collab < collab(a)lists.millets2023.space> wrote: > What do you think we should call "little" millet? > > Thank you Don for alerting us to new genetic developments of little millet. > Outside this correspondence community, "little" millet discussions can be > extremely confusing. Foxtail millet seeds are a third the size of proso, > and proso is considered a small seed. "Little" millet has even smaller > seed than foxtail. > > We need nomenclature so the public can identify different millets. Proso, > although an odd word, seems appropriate. Foxtail millets, I suggest, we > should refer to as "Italian" millets taken from the Latin name, Setaria > italica. (German R is a commonly planted variety, but calling foxtail > millet "German" millet would be even more confusing.) > > Since "little" millets have at least nine different names, in various > languages seven begin with "S." They are Shavan, > Sama, Saamai, Samalu, Sava, Suan, Saame, and I might as well throw in the > Malayalam "Chama" (which could sound like and "S"). > > Therefore, I propose we standardize an English name for "little" millet > beginning with the letter "S." Topic is open to all. > > What do you think we should call "little" millet?....Gary Wietgrefe > > On Sun, Feb 15, 2026 at 5:00 PM <collab-request(a)lists.millets2023.space> > wrote: > > > Send Collab mailing list submissions to > > collab(a)lists.millets2023.space > > > > To subscribe or unsubscribe via email, send a message with subject or > > body 'help' to > > collab-request(a)lists.millets2023.space > > > > You can reach the person managing the list at > > collab-owner(a)lists.millets2023.space > > > > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific > > than "Re: Contents of Collab digest..." > > > > Today's Topics: > > > > 1. Mapping little millet's genome - recent milestone (Don Osborn) > > > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > > > Message: 1 > > Date: Sun, 15 Feb 2026 12:38:12 -0500 > > From: Don Osborn <don(a)milletsalliance.org> > > Subject: [Collab] Mapping little millet's genome - recent milestone > > To: "NAMA's Collab list" <collab(a)lists.millets2023.space> > > Message-ID: > > <CA+RHibUHYRkzweJ_5cVd= > > 0u_cgfPP_+XqpjDig3J0FoEwhsKSA(a)mail.gmail.com> > > Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" > > > > A near-complete genome of little millet (Panicum sumatrense) has been > > decoded by an Indo-Canadian team led by the ICAR - Indian Institute of > > Millets Research's Global Centre of Excellence on Millets. > > > > Little millet is an allotetraploid, like its cousin, proso or broomcorn > > millet (P. miliaceum), meaning that it has two sets of chromosomes. That > > evolution would have long predated its domestication, which occurred > prior > > to the Early Harappan period in the Indus valley region some 5000 years > > ago. > > > > Here are links to two descriptions of the little millet genome work, and > to > > the research article on which they are based: > > * "Genome map of little millet paves way for nutrient-rich > > climate-resilient crops," Nature India, 30 Nov. 2025 > > https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-025-00224-w > > * "ICAR with International Collaboration Releases First Chromosome-Scale > > Genome of Little Millet, Unlocking New Era in Climate-Smart Millet > > Improvement," ICAR, n.d., > > > > > https://icar.org.in/en/icar-international-collaboration-releases-first-chro… > > * Gali, K.K., Koh, K.C., Satyavathi, T.C., et al. "Little millet genome > > reveals evolutionary insights into tetraploid structure and genetic basis > > of micronutrient density." Nature Communications17, 74 (2026). > > https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66716-6 > > > > Abstract from the research article: > > > > "Little millet is a hardy and nutrient-rich cereal which improves food > and > > nutritional security in marginal environments. Despite its importance, > > genomic resources for this orphan crop have been limited. Here, we > report a > > high quality, chromosome-scale genome assembly of little millet > comprising > > 18 chromosomes and 59,045 genes. Eleven chromosomes are assembled from > > telomere to telomere, revealing an 850 Mb tetraploid genome that closely > > resembles broomcorn millet. Comparative analyses indicate early stages of > > diploidization, characterized by gene loss and subgenome-specific > > expression biases that vary across genes and tissues. Resequencing of 300 > > accessions uncovers extensive genetic diversity, including > > single-nucleotide polymorphism and structural variants. Genome-wide > > association studies identify genetic loci linked to grain micronutrient > > traits, including several associated with high iron content. These > genomic > > and phenotypic resources provide a foundation for molecular breeding and > > marker-assisted selection, enabling the improvement of little millet as a > > climate-resilient crop to support global food and nutritional security." > > > > Other institutional partners in the research include University of > > Saskatchewan, National Research Council Canada / Conseil national de > > recherches Canada, and University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. > > > > The full list of contributing authors to the research article: > > Krishna Kishore Gali, Kevin C. Koh, Tara Chellapilla Satyavathi, > Ganapathy > > Kuyyamudi Nanaiah, K. B. Palanna, Morgan W. Kirzinger, Sandeep > Nanjundappa, > > Sampath Perumal, Deekshitha Bomireddy, H. B. Mahesh, Harshal Eknath > Patil, > > Raju Chaudhary, Loveleen Kaur Dhillon, Venkat Bandi, V. B. Reddy > Lachagari, > > Surya Teja Veeramachaneni, Renuka Malipatil, Peng Gao, Shankar Pahari, > > Andrew G. Sharpe, Thomas D. Warkentin, Raju Soolanayakanahally, M. K. > > Prasannakumar, Nepolean Thirunavukkarasu & Sateesh Kagale > > > > Little millet is NAMA's millet-of-the-month in February. > > > > > > Don Osborn, PhD > > (East Lansing, MI, US) > > North American Millets Alliance > > > > ------------------------------ > > > > Subject: Digest Footer > > > > > > > > -- > > Collab mailing list -- collab(a)lists.millets2023.space > > > > > > ------------------------------ > > > > End of Collab Digest, Vol 49, Issue 4 > > ************************************* > > > > > -- > Author, Gary W. Wietgrefe, > https://www.RelatingtoAncients.com/ > Enjoy Wietgrefe's (pronounced "wit' grif") dozen books, patents, and > international research on millets, agronomy, cultural changes, travel > adventure, poetry, and history. > > > -- > Collab mailing list -- collab(a)lists.millets2023.space > To unsubscribe send an email to collab-leave(a)lists.millets2023.space >

1 0

Re: Collab Digest, Vol 49, Issue 4
by Gary Wietgrefe 16 Feb '26

16 Feb '26

What do you think we should call "little" millet? Thank you Don for alerting us to new genetic developments of little millet. Outside this correspondence community, "little" millet discussions can be extremely confusing. Foxtail millet seeds are a third the size of proso, and proso is considered a small seed. "Little" millet has even smaller seed than foxtail. We need nomenclature so the public can identify different millets. Proso, although an odd word, seems appropriate. Foxtail millets, I suggest, we should refer to as "Italian" millets taken from the Latin name, Setaria italica. (German R is a commonly planted variety, but calling foxtail millet "German" millet would be even more confusing.) Since "little" millets have at least nine different names, in various languages seven begin with "S." They are Shavan, Sama, Saamai, Samalu, Sava, Suan, Saame, and I might as well throw in the Malayalam "Chama" (which could sound like and "S"). Therefore, I propose we standardize an English name for "little" millet beginning with the letter "S." Topic is open to all. What do you think we should call "little" millet?....Gary Wietgrefe On Sun, Feb 15, 2026 at 5:00 PM <collab-request(a)lists.millets2023.space> wrote: > Send Collab mailing list submissions to > collab(a)lists.millets2023.space > > To subscribe or unsubscribe via email, send a message with subject or > body 'help' to > collab-request(a)lists.millets2023.space > > You can reach the person managing the list at > collab-owner(a)lists.millets2023.space > > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific > than "Re: Contents of Collab digest..." > > Today's Topics: > > 1. Mapping little millet's genome - recent milestone (Don Osborn) > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Message: 1 > Date: Sun, 15 Feb 2026 12:38:12 -0500 > From: Don Osborn <don(a)milletsalliance.org> > Subject: [Collab] Mapping little millet's genome - recent milestone > To: "NAMA's Collab list" <collab(a)lists.millets2023.space> > Message-ID: > <CA+RHibUHYRkzweJ_5cVd= > 0u_cgfPP_+XqpjDig3J0FoEwhsKSA(a)mail.gmail.com> > Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" > > A near-complete genome of little millet (Panicum sumatrense) has been > decoded by an Indo-Canadian team led by the ICAR - Indian Institute of > Millets Research's Global Centre of Excellence on Millets. > > Little millet is an allotetraploid, like its cousin, proso or broomcorn > millet (P. miliaceum), meaning that it has two sets of chromosomes. That > evolution would have long predated its domestication, which occurred prior > to the Early Harappan period in the Indus valley region some 5000 years > ago. > > Here are links to two descriptions of the little millet genome work, and to > the research article on which they are based: > * "Genome map of little millet paves way for nutrient-rich > climate-resilient crops," Nature India, 30 Nov. 2025 > https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-025-00224-w > * "ICAR with International Collaboration Releases First Chromosome-Scale > Genome of Little Millet, Unlocking New Era in Climate-Smart Millet > Improvement," ICAR, n.d., > > https://icar.org.in/en/icar-international-collaboration-releases-first-chro… > * Gali, K.K., Koh, K.C., Satyavathi, T.C., et al. "Little millet genome > reveals evolutionary insights into tetraploid structure and genetic basis > of micronutrient density." Nature Communications17, 74 (2026). > https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66716-6 > > Abstract from the research article: > > "Little millet is a hardy and nutrient-rich cereal which improves food and > nutritional security in marginal environments. Despite its importance, > genomic resources for this orphan crop have been limited. Here, we report a > high quality, chromosome-scale genome assembly of little millet comprising > 18 chromosomes and 59,045 genes. Eleven chromosomes are assembled from > telomere to telomere, revealing an 850 Mb tetraploid genome that closely > resembles broomcorn millet. Comparative analyses indicate early stages of > diploidization, characterized by gene loss and subgenome-specific > expression biases that vary across genes and tissues. Resequencing of 300 > accessions uncovers extensive genetic diversity, including > single-nucleotide polymorphism and structural variants. Genome-wide > association studies identify genetic loci linked to grain micronutrient > traits, including several associated with high iron content. These genomic > and phenotypic resources provide a foundation for molecular breeding and > marker-assisted selection, enabling the improvement of little millet as a > climate-resilient crop to support global food and nutritional security." > > Other institutional partners in the research include University of > Saskatchewan, National Research Council Canada / Conseil national de > recherches Canada, and University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. > > The full list of contributing authors to the research article: > Krishna Kishore Gali, Kevin C. Koh, Tara Chellapilla Satyavathi, Ganapathy > Kuyyamudi Nanaiah, K. B. Palanna, Morgan W. Kirzinger, Sandeep Nanjundappa, > Sampath Perumal, Deekshitha Bomireddy, H. B. Mahesh, Harshal Eknath Patil, > Raju Chaudhary, Loveleen Kaur Dhillon, Venkat Bandi, V. B. Reddy Lachagari, > Surya Teja Veeramachaneni, Renuka Malipatil, Peng Gao, Shankar Pahari, > Andrew G. Sharpe, Thomas D. Warkentin, Raju Soolanayakanahally, M. K. > Prasannakumar, Nepolean Thirunavukkarasu & Sateesh Kagale > > Little millet is NAMA's millet-of-the-month in February. > > > Don Osborn, PhD > (East Lansing, MI, US) > North American Millets Alliance > > ------------------------------ > > Subject: Digest Footer > > > > -- > Collab mailing list -- collab(a)lists.millets2023.space > To unsubscribe send an email to collab-leave(a)lists.millets2023.space > > > ------------------------------ > > End of Collab Digest, Vol 49, Issue 4 > ************************************* > -- Author, Gary W. Wietgrefe, https://www.RelatingtoAncients.com/ Enjoy Wietgrefe's (pronounced "wit' grif") dozen books, patents, and international research on millets, agronomy, cultural changes, travel adventure, poetry, and history.

1 0