Thank you, Gary, for this background. It is always of interest to know more about each others' experience and observations regarding millets (and the contexts in which these grains may or may not be found). The article by Takahiro Mitsui that you shared is very good and helpful. I dug up some items online that indirectly address the question of Japanese (barnyard) millet growing in Japan today. First, I'd note that in parts of Asia, at least, there is renewed interest in traditional crops such as millets (see for example Prof. Francesca Bray's presentation about China in the 3rd of our Millets Webinars at https://youtu.be/IUeLldImLzE ; and of course, India is promoting millets on many levels). So, one question I would have for Prof. Mitsui would be whether there is a similar recent trend beginning anywhere in Japan, especially with the International Year of Millets. The links are: 1. A 17 grain product on the Echigo Ojiya Takano site, in which "Japanese barnyard millet" is listed among the ingredients. (That list is a little confusing as millet or millets are listed 3 times in English translation.) https://takano-niigata.co.jp/english/products/seventeen-grain-rice/ 2. A "Japanese barnyard millet" product apparently from Japan (altho this particular item is currently out of stock): https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/dp/B017GKDDTG 3. A farm in Nagano prefecture (more or less in the middle of Honshu island), where "Japanese barnyard millet had been cultivated for a long time" (along with some other crops): It's not clear when that apparently ended or if it's being cultivated now apart from their current main crop: http://furutanosato.starfree.jp/top_english.htm All these, of course, are in English translation, so I suspect that a well crafted search in Japanese might turn up more. Regarding Michigan and this part of North America, I have no particular expectations, and appreciate your cautions about millets in this region. Still I'm thinking that it is useful to investigate selected millets as potential additional "alternative crops" in the interest of more food-crop diversity. There is much to learn and I appreciate your engaging in the process. All the best, Don DO, EL, MI, US NAMA On Wed, Jul 5, 2023 at 10:51 PM Gary Wietgrefe <gww374@gmail.com> wrote:

I need to fill you in on my experience in Japan where I lived for a year and a half (1973-1975). My brother also lived in Japan for ten years and his wife, my sister-in-law (for the past 49 years) is a Japanese farmer's daughter from the southern island prefecture of Fukuoka. First, I lived in southeast Aomori Prefecture and bicycled often through the mountainous countryside. Never once did I see any millet planted in fields. I was in the U.S. Air Force at the time and we were encouraged to employ Japanese women, mostly farmers' wives, to clean our rooms, laundry and do odd chores. My room was only 6'x8' but I had my mama-san, clean my room twice per week which was economical even on my enlisted pay. Keep in mind, I was there about twenty years after WWII occupation and yet that was still a poor area of Japan. Our mama-sans tended fields of (transplanted) rice and tobacco, and beautiful vegetable fields during the growing season and lived in small one-room, wooden-sided (assuming wood heated) one-level homes. My sister-in-law was from a large farming family and had three brothers. While my brother and her lived on Fukuoka (here island) for six years, each year my brother would help her aging father and mother harvest bamboo shoots in spring, and rice, and mikan oranges in the fall. When I asked my brother and his wife, Chifumi, if she ate Japanese millet in Japan, she responded a hardy "No.!" They did not grow nor harvest Japanese millet. I'm told that is a traditional millet of mountainous areas of northern Japan. Attached is a link my brother sent which I think you will find astounding as to why Japanese do not eat (poor man's food) millet to this day. Chifumi read the attached article and fully agreed with it. She went on to say when she was young (born in 1950--three years after WWII) they, like area farmers, were very poor. They raised rice (for sale) and barley. When she was school age, her mom would send her to school with barely mixed with rice as her lunch. She was ashamed because they could not afford to eat pure rice like some of the other students so she ate with others that had barely/rice meals. Although my sister-in-law is extremely talented in many areas, including art, she loves to cook and bake. She received a degree from a high-end culinary school a decade ago. Recruited to work in restaurants, instead she is on her 11th year making (mostly) pastries for a Colorado homeless shelter. To this day, she will not eat barely nor cook with it. Perhaps a younger generation of Japanese will again accept the health benefits of millet, the post-war stigma will not be overcome for those over sixty. Please review this article on the demise of Japanese millet between 1950 and 1965. See A decrease in eating barnyard millet in Iwate prefecture: a literature review of Iwate no Hoken (hygiene in Iwate) | Journal of Ethnic Foods | Full Text (biomedcentral.com) <https://journalofethnicfoods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42779-020-00068-y> . You suggest Michigan for growing Japanese millet, but please keep in mind there are many corn and wheat herbicides (e.g. quinclorac, glyphosate, flucarbazone) designed to kill barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). As I explained before, millets in the Corn Belt are weeds!!!!

I look forward to learning more about Japanese millet....Gary Wietgrefe

On Tue, Jul 4, 2023 at 10:03 AM Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org> wrote:

...

Thank you, Gary, for your answers and thoughts on barnyard millets (Echinochloa spp.).

Re #1, I am finding various recent literature, using the terms "Indian barnyard millet" (E. frumentacea) and "Japanese barnyard millet" (E. esculenta), so it would make sense to continue to use these. More on those sources in a later post on barnyard millet(s) as "millet-of-the-month" for July.

Re nos. 2 & 3: I hope to share more info on Japanese barnyard millet in Japan. You are right, of course, that arable land in Japan is not abundant, and what land is devoted to agriculture has other priorities. However, my limited understanding is that some areas are more suited to millets than rice culture. Also, if there is a cultural importance to this minor crop, one imagines it would be a niche that some farmers would find profitable. More later.

Re #4, I am thinking of Japanese barnyard millet (grown for grain) only as a potential alternative crop in the more humid Great Lakes region, for example. Only two small problems: availability of a food-grade variety suitable for the region, and lack of a market (domestic or international). So this is long range musing.

I wouldn't expect Michigan to compete with the plains states on production of proso millet or sorghum. Some growers may find success with either of these (seeking examples), but it's something like the one farm in the state growing grain teff (truly still an alternative crop in the US, even if it is established in parts of the northwest of the country) that gets attention and finds a niche market (in this case via association with the Teffola brand line of products) So maybe that's the route for other selected small millets here and in North America in general?

Finally, re #5 (distro of the two Echinochloa spp. in North America), I do also find US sources for Indian barnyard millet / billion dollar grass / "Japanese millet" (again that name) meaning E. frumentacea: * https://seedvilleusa.com/products/150-japanese-millet-billion-dollar-grass-g... * https://www.amkhaseed.com/products/millet-japanese-echinochloa-frumentacea (altho the company is now apparently in a transition)

Regarding distribution, Flora of North America has this page on E. frumentacea (Indian BYM), noting that "It is found occasionally in the contiguous United States and southern Canada, the primary source being birdseed mixes." http://floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa_frumentacea

Compare with this page on their site about E. esculenta (Japanese BYM). Apparently they see much less distribution: http://floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa_esculenta

Hopefully David Brenner can weigh in on this.

All the best,

Don

DO, EL, MI, US NAMA

On Sun, Jun 25, 2023 at 2:09 AM Gary Wietgrefe via Collab < collab@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

...

I appreciate your map comments. Here are my simple responses: 1. Yes, "Japanese" millet is problematic without scientific names. Indian barnyard millet (E. frumentacea) seems like a nice clarification and Japanese barnyard millet (E. esculenta) the common one planted in the U.S. mainly for non-seed harvesting would make references easier. 2. I highly doubt much millet of any kind is grown in Japan. See my 1989 comments about U.S. exports to Japan (p-.91-92 in Proso Millet: A Trade Summary) and Argentine millet exports to Japan (pg. 120). 3. Japan has probably been importing millet shortly after WWII occupation. Farmland is so valuable, and millet relatively an economical import that Japan would find it much more economical to import. About twenty years ago when I was testing various millets for ethanol, Japanese were most interested in glutenous proso rather than common proso millet. I've never seen a request in Japan for Japanese millet, however, I have been out of that loop way too long to be knowledgeable about Japanese millet imports. Like other countries, Japan millet imports are very likely used as a rice substitute/supplement. 4. Can Japanese barnyard millet be grown in the U.S./Canada (more humid areas) and harvested for seed for human consumption? Sure it can. But, what is possible is often unlikely. Why? Japanese barnyard millet produced in any Corn Belt state would likely be discriminated against for the same reason proso millet is not grown in the Corn Belt. First, it is not price competitive with corn or soybeans. Secondly, and most importantly, volunteer Japanese barnyard millet would be construed to be a "barnyard" grassy weed, or potential one--just like proso millet is confused by agronomists and farmers in the Corn Belt with wild proso millet. To me, their ignorance is astounding about proso for grain. I know. Traveling around the country as an agronomist, I've had those discussions. I wasted breath. However, those using millets, including Japanese, in cover crops and wildlife plots have spread beyond southeastern U.S., but we can assume it is mixed with other seed species with very very little harvested for grain. 5. Are both E. frumentacea and E. esculenta grown throughout the U.S.? My assumption is NO. Based on seed suppliers, at least ones that list the type of Japanese millet (i.e. Johnston Seed), I must assume E. esculenta may be the only type used.

I am not an expert on Japanese millet and look forward to July's discussions....Gary

On Sat, Jun 24, 2023 at 10:30 PM <collab-request@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

...

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Today's Topics:

1. Echinochloa spp. / Japanese / barnyard (Re: Collab Digest, Vol 17, Issue 11) (Don Osborn)

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Message: 1 Date: Sun, 25 Jun 2023 00:30:20 -0400 From: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org> To: collab@lists.millets2023.space Subject: [Collab] Echinochloa spp. / Japanese / barnyard (Re: Collab Digest, Vol 17, Issue 11) Message-ID: <CA+RHibU90SMEAHDhpqeskOU= S+Uyg1wKbxHrKVCGQT6fb6rS-A@mail.gmail.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"

Thank you, Gary, this is helpful.

I have the impression that the appellation Echinochloa crus-galli (var.) frumentacea is fairly old, so any confusion would not be your fault. A USDA guide has it listed as an "alternate" scientific name for E. esculenta./1 On the other hand, the GRIN database has this same name as a synonym for E. frumentacea,/2 The scientific namespace for these species is challenging, so as not to say confusing. However, the various and sometimes overlapping common name usages are even more so, with that of "Japanese millet" seeming to me to be particularly problematic (as a sometimes catch-all)

I personally (again, without claiming any expertise) found it useful to think of the two lines as "Japanese barnyard millet" (E. esculenta) and "Indian barnyard millet" (E. frumentacea)./3 /4 The latter seems to be produced for food, primarily in India, much more than the former, but in the US is sometimes called "billion dollar grass."

In the US, as you point out in your book,/5 and which I noted also in the USDA descriptions,/1 /6 these species are grown primarily for forage and wildlife. It looks like the seed that you note is available in the US from Johnston Seeds and Specialty Seeds, is mainly intended for these uses.

As far as I can tell, most "barnyard millet" in food products is Indian barnyard millet (E. frumentacea), and is produced and packaged in India./7 One would assume that food grade Japanese barnyard millet (E. esculenta) is still cultivated in parts of Japan. It is apparently also grown in Europe for grain for food,/8 /9 although it's hard to be certain about the species. I'm personally wondering if food grade E. esculenta might be a potential crop for the conditions of the more humid areas of northern US and southern Canada./10

Finally, a couple of comments about the map (fig. 20) on p. 201 of your book/5 (a copy of the map is attached). First, it is helpful to have such overview maps of millets in North America, even though this is now over 3 decades old. Second, I'm noting from your source for Japanese millet's placement on the map, that even though this millet may be most grown in the SE US, it is also present across the continental US. I'd be curious to know how its distribution compares, say, with E. frumentacea (to the extent one can be clear that names in different sources are being used in a consistent way).

Anyway, that's a lot more detail than I had intended to get into. However, it's useful to try to clarify some of the nomenclature and verify that there are indeed two main cultivated species of Echinochloa, before we get to talking about "barnyard millet(s)" as millet-of-the-month in July.

All the best, Don

DO, EL, MI, US NAMA

Notes: 1. See the USDA plant guide for E. esculenta - both under alternate names and a couple of the references dating to the 1980s: https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_eces.pdf 2. USDA GRIN database "Taxon: Echinochloa frumentacea (Echinochloa colona Frumentacea Group)" https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=14828 3. The following recent article also uses this common name distinction, in the context of a very useful survey of the two "complexes," along with a third of lesser importance that I may return to later: Renganathan VG, Vanniarajan C, Karthikeyan A, Ramalingam J. "Barnyard Millet for Food and Nutritional Security: Current Status and Future Research Direction." Frontiers in Genetics. 2020 Jun 23;11:500. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2020.00500 PMID: 32655612; PMCID: PMC7325689. 4. The USDA GRIN database also lists these common names, citing a 1992 article by H. Scholz in Taxon https://doi.org/10.2307/1222824 . From the GRIN page on Echinochloa, at https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/cropdetail?type=species&id=224 , go to the pages for E. esculenta and E. frumentacea and select the tab "Common names" to see. 5. I downloaded it from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284179184_How_to_Produce_Proso_Mill... 6. See discussion in the context of one particular variety of E. frumentacea at https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/plantmaterials/mspmcrb13988.pdf 7. https://www.pinterest.com/drdonosborn/millets-plural/barnyard-millet/ 8. For example, "Japanese barnyard millet grits" from a Lithuanian farm (per "Place of Origin") https://www.urbanfood.lt/en/japanese-millet-grits-500-g 9. An interesting survey in French of millets in France, posted on LinkedIn by Philippe Pointereau, mentions "millet japonais (Echinochloa frumentacea)," but without clarity as to whether and for what this is cultivated there:

https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7075488061702168576/ 10. Interestingly, Michigan Flora notes E. esculenta in the wild - "occasionally cultivated and escaped" - in two counties in the SW of the state: https://michiganflora.net/record/2869 11. Mitchell, Wilma A. 1989. Japanese millet ("Echinochloa Crusgalli" var. "frumentacea") : Section 7.1.6, US Army Corps of Engineers wildlife resources management manual https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/handle/11681/7217

On Tue, Jun 20, 2023 at 11:05?AM Joni Kindwall-Moore < joni@snacktivistfoods.com> wrote:

...

Thanks Gary

On Sat, Jun 17, 2023 at 4:13?PM Gary Wietgrefe via Collab < collab@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

...

More on Japanese millet: In the back of my 1990 book, *How to Produce Proso Millet: A Farmer's Guide,* I describe several other millets that had been grown in the U.S., Japanese millet was one (pp. 197-198). Perhaps I led to some of the confusion as I subtitled the category Echinochloa Crusgalli/Frumentacea. In the 1980s, a South Dakota seed company tried to grow Japanese millet, I assume Echinochloa esculenta, for seed. It was not a particularly good year for crops in general and my field inspection indicated it was not as drought hardy as proso or foxtail millets we customarily grow at this latitude. The seed company, which sold out twenty years ago, did not try to grow it again (to my knowledge). Lastly, there is production of Japanese millet, Echinochloa esculenta, in the U.S. See link to Johnson Seed Company, Enid, OK which offers 50 lb/bags for $57.00 (=$1.14 lb. for seed) which seems reasonable JAPANESE MILLET - Johnston Seed Company <https://www.johnstonseed.com/product/japanese-millet/>. Southeast Seed Inc., Trenton, FL also offers Japanese millet for sale Home - Southeast Seed Inc <https://southeastseed.com/> as does Speciality Seed Co. out of Anguilla, MS Japanese Millet - Specialty Seed <https://specialtyseed.com/japanese-millet/>.

I hope this provides some clarification....Gary Wietgrefe

On Sat, Jun 17, 2023 at 12:50?PM < collab-request@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

> Send Collab mailing list submissions to > collab@lists.millets2023.space > > To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit > https://lists.millets2023.space/mailman/listinfo/collab > or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to > collab-request@lists.millets2023.space > > You can reach the person managing the list at > collab-owner@lists.millets2023.space > > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific > than "Re: Contents of Collab digest..." > > > Today's Topics: > > 1. Echinocloa spp. / Japanese / barnyard (Re: National Public > Radio on millets, June 8, 2023) (Don Osborn) >

[ . . . ]

-- Author, Gary W. Wietgrefe, https://www.RelatingtoAncients.com/ *Destination North Pole--5,000 km by bicycle* is an exciting, endearing, humorous, dangerous and sometimes quirky travel adventure. Hardcover, paperback and e-books are available on Amazon or other on-line retailers. My other books tie education, school system, parenting, technology, and business with 21st century culture and learning.

Thank you, David. This is helpful. One quick but central question. How does E. colona fit into the equation? Some sources have that as the presumed ancestor crop of E. frumentacea - (Indian) barnyard millet./1 /2 And one also sees E. crus-galli mentioned as the ancestor of E. esculenta - Japanese (barnyard) millet./3 However Flora of North America, citing T. Yabuno 1962 (per the page you shared the link for) of course has E. crus-galli as the ancestor of E. frumentacea, and E. colona the ancestor of E. esculentus. However, looking at the Yabuno article,/4 one notes this: "On the basis of morphology and cytology the present author assumes that E. frumentacea, which is the cultivated species of India, has been derived from E. colona, on the other hand, E. utilis, which is Chino-Japanese cultivated species, has been derived from hexaploid variety of E. crus-galli." Am assuming E. utilis is the old name for E. esculenta. Any clarifications would be helpful. I'd like to get some plots on which to trial some of these for demo purposes, but too late this year anyway. Regarding the eating - I'm trying to source barnyard, and one of the local small Indian groceries in the East Lansing area apparently has some in stock. Am presuming that's E. frumentacea. Ordering online is an option that I've used successfully in the past, but lately have found item prices and shipping prices/conditions vary weirdly between company sites and Amazon. Also interested in finding E. esculenta grains to try. More on that later, with the further info about E. esculenta in Japan that I promised Gary previously in this thread. All the best, Don DO, EL, MI, US NAMA Notes: 1. E.g., Hilu, Khidir W. (1994). "Evidence from RAPD markers in the evolution of Echinochloa millets (Poaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 189 (3): 247–257. doi:10.1007/BF00939730. S2CID 33838562 (I believe that E. utilis is an older name for E. esculenta?) 2. Sood, Salej, et al, "Interspecific Hybrid between Echinochloa esculenta (Japanese barnyardmillet) and E. frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet) – A New Avenue forGenetic Enhancement of Barnyard Millet." Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 5(2): 248-253 (June 2014) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281060373_Research_Note_Interspecif... 3. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant guide, "JAPANESE MILLET Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz" https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_eces.pdf 4. Yabuno, T. 1962. Cytotaxonomic studies on the two cultivated species and the wild relatives in the genus Echinochloa. Cytologia 27:296-305 On Thu, Jul 6, 2023 at 10:19 AM Brenner, David (CTR) - REE-ARS < david.brenner@usda.gov> wrote:

Don,

I maintain Echinochloa cultivated and wild germplasm here in Ames, Iowa at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, which is part of the US National Plant Germplasm System. As a group they are adapted for grain production here in Iowa and the temperate zone, without new plant breeding. They are adapted to perform well in areas that flood and have standing water, and heavy soil. The challenge for potential growers in the US is to market the grain crop without established marketing channels.

We use "barnyard millet" as shorthand for the entire Echinochloa group, but you are right there are distinctions.

*Barnyard millet * The taxonomic boundaries are unclear between Echinochloa frumentacea (160 accessions) and Echinochloa crus-galli ((78 accessions) at least in our collection. We have accessions that could be corrected from one species to the other. Some drop their seeds early which is called shattering, others retain their seeds on the plant which is better suited for agricultural grain production. For agriculture non-shattering is an important trait, which we have not documented in the database. We ought to have a good way of measuring shattering, but don't. Some in the barnyard millet group mature seeds too late for our season length here in Iowa, but most are adapted for seed maturity here.

*Japanese millet* The Japanese millets Echinochloa esculenta (5 accessions) are relatively easy to identify because of the red coloring on the seed-husks. They look similar to each other and are adapted for seed maturity here in Iowa. They have relatively little shattering. There is an existing market for Japanese millet in the USA to plant for feeding wild game birds.

The Flora of North America is a good descriptive reference for these species: http://floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa

Our heaviest seeded barnyard millet is PI 182304 (0.97 grams per 100 seeds) and is identified in our database as Echinochloa crus-galli. a link to it: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/accessiondetail?id=1157690 Our heaviest seeded Japanese millet is PI 677106 (0.379 grams per 100 seeds). A link to it: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/accessiondetail?id=1061175. I think that PI 182304 has potential to improve the crop by increasing seed size.

I have started purchasing food-grade barnyard millet (labeled as "barnyard millet" in a modern sturdy plastic zip-lock) and other minor millets at an Indian ethnic grocery in Des Moines, Iowa for eating at home. Barnyard millet is delicious as a pilaf cooked in a pressure cooker.

Our germplasm can be viewed and requested for research and development, including commercial development at: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/search.

(By accession I mean a population maintained separately from the other accessions and originating from one place and time such as a market sample from one place in India, or a wild population in Iowa, or Florida.)

There is more I could say about the Echinochloa collection, but I am stopping here since this email could go on too long. Send me your questions.

David Brenner (he/him) David.Brenner@USDA.GOV

Or: dbrenner@iastate.edu

Plant Introduction Station phone 515-294-6786 Iowa State University fax 515-294-4880 716 Farm House Lane, Ames, IA 50011-1051 USA

https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/search.aspx? Curator of: Amaranthus, Celosia, Chenopodium, Coronilla, Dalea, Galega, Melilotus, Perilla, Portulaca, Spinacia, miscellaneous Umbelliferae, and the millets: Echinochloa, Panicum, and Setaria. Hatch Act NC7 Regional Project in the US National Plant Germplasm System

------------------------------ *From:* Collab <collab-bounces@lists.millets2023.space> on behalf of Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org> *Sent:* Tuesday, July 4, 2023 11:03 AM *To:* Gary Wietgrefe <gww374@gmail.com> *Cc:* collab@lists.millets2023.space <collab@lists.millets2023.space> *Subject:* [External Email][Collab] Echinochloa spp. / Japanese / barnyard (Re: Collab Digest, Vol 17, Issue 21)

[External Email] If this message comes from an *unexpected sender* or references a *vague/unexpected topic;* Use caution before clicking links or opening attachments. Please send any concerns or suspicious messages to: Spam.Abuse@usda.gov Thank you, Gary, for your answers and thoughts on barnyard millets (Echinochloa spp.).

Re #1, I am finding various recent literature, using the terms "Indian barnyard millet" (E. frumentacea) and "Japanese barnyard millet" (E. esculenta), so it would make sense to continue to use these. More on those sources in a later post on barnyard millet(s) as "millet-of-the-month" for July.

Re nos. 2 & 3: I hope to share more info on Japanese barnyard millet in Japan. You are right, of course, that arable land in Japan is not abundant, and what land is devoted to agriculture has other priorities. However, my limited understanding is that some areas are more suited to millets than rice culture. Also, if there is a cultural importance to this minor crop, one imagines it would be a niche that some farmers would find profitable. More later.

Re #4, I am thinking of Japanese barnyard millet (grown for grain) only as a potential alternative crop in the more humid Great Lakes region, for example. Only two small problems: availability of a food-grade variety suitable for the region, and lack of a market (domestic or international). So this is long range musing.

I wouldn't expect Michigan to compete with the plains states on production of proso millet or sorghum. Some growers may find success with either of these (seeking examples), but it's something like the one farm in the state growing grain teff (truly still an alternative crop in the US, even if it is established in parts of the northwest of the country) that gets attention and finds a niche market (in this case via association with the Teffola brand line of products) So maybe that's the route for other selected small millets here and in North America in general?

Finally, re #5 (distro of the two Echinochloa spp. in North America), I do also find US sources for Indian barnyard millet / billion dollar grass / "Japanese millet" (again that name) meaning E. frumentacea: * https://seedvilleusa.com/products/150-japanese-millet-billion-dollar-grass-g... * https://www.amkhaseed.com/products/millet-japanese-echinochloa-frumentacea (altho the company is now apparently in a transition)

Regarding distribution, Flora of North America has this page on E. frumentacea (Indian BYM), noting that "It is found occasionally in the contiguous United States and southern Canada, the primary source being birdseed mixes." http://floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa_frumentacea

Compare with this page on their site about E. esculenta (Japanese BYM). Apparently they see much less distribution: http://floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa_esculenta

Hopefully David Brenner can weigh in on this.

All the best,

Don

DO, EL, MI, US NAMA

On Sun, Jun 25, 2023 at 2:09 AM Gary Wietgrefe via Collab < collab@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

I appreciate your map comments. Here are my simple responses: 1. Yes, "Japanese" millet is problematic without scientific names. Indian barnyard millet (E. frumentacea) seems like a nice clarification and Japanese barnyard millet (E. esculenta) the common one planted in the U.S. mainly for non-seed harvesting would make references easier. 2. I highly doubt much millet of any kind is grown in Japan. See my 1989 comments about U.S. exports to Japan (p-.91-92 in Proso Millet: A Trade Summary) and Argentine millet exports to Japan (pg. 120). 3. Japan has probably been importing millet shortly after WWII occupation. Farmland is so valuable, and millet relatively an economical import that Japan would find it much more economical to import. About twenty years ago when I was testing various millets for ethanol, Japanese were most interested in glutenous proso rather than common proso millet. I've never seen a request in Japan for Japanese millet, however, I have been out of that loop way too long to be knowledgeable about Japanese millet imports. Like other countries, Japan millet imports are very likely used as a rice substitute/supplement. 4. Can Japanese barnyard millet be grown in the U.S./Canada (more humid areas) and harvested for seed for human consumption? Sure it can. But, what is possible is often unlikely. Why? Japanese barnyard millet produced in any Corn Belt state would likely be discriminated against for the same reason proso millet is not grown in the Corn Belt. First, it is not price competitive with corn or soybeans. Secondly, and most importantly, volunteer Japanese barnyard millet would be construed to be a "barnyard" grassy weed, or potential one--just like proso millet is confused by agronomists and farmers in the Corn Belt with wild proso millet. To me, their ignorance is astounding about proso for grain. I know. Traveling around the country as an agronomist, I've had those discussions. I wasted breath. However, those using millets, including Japanese, in cover crops and wildlife plots have spread beyond southeastern U.S., but we can assume it is mixed with other seed species with very very little harvested for grain. 5. Are both E. frumentacea and E. esculenta grown throughout the U.S.? My assumption is NO. Based on seed suppliers, at least ones that list the type of Japanese millet (i.e. Johnston Seed), I must assume E. esculenta may be the only type used.

I am not an expert on Japanese millet and look forward to July's discussions....Gary

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Today's Topics:

1. Echinochloa spp. / Japanese / barnyard (Re: Collab Digest, Vol 17, Issue 11) (Don Osborn)

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Message: 1 Date: Sun, 25 Jun 2023 00:30:20 -0400 From: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org> To: collab@lists.millets2023.space Subject: [Collab] Echinochloa spp. / Japanese / barnyard (Re: Collab Digest, Vol 17, Issue 11) Message-ID: <CA+RHibU90SMEAHDhpqeskOU= S+Uyg1wKbxHrKVCGQT6fb6rS-A@mail.gmail.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"

Thank you, Gary, this is helpful.

I have the impression that the appellation Echinochloa crus-galli (var.) frumentacea is fairly old, so any confusion would not be your fault. A USDA guide has it listed as an "alternate" scientific name for E. esculenta./1 On the other hand, the GRIN database has this same name as a synonym for E. frumentacea,/2 The scientific namespace for these species is challenging, so as not to say confusing. However, the various and sometimes overlapping common name usages are even more so, with that of "Japanese millet" seeming to me to be particularly problematic (as a sometimes catch-all)

I personally (again, without claiming any expertise) found it useful to think of the two lines as "Japanese barnyard millet" (E. esculenta) and "Indian barnyard millet" (E. frumentacea)./3 /4 The latter seems to be produced for food, primarily in India, much more than the former, but in the US is sometimes called "billion dollar grass."

In the US, as you point out in your book,/5 and which I noted also in the USDA descriptions,/1 /6 these species are grown primarily for forage and wildlife. It looks like the seed that you note is available in the US from Johnston Seeds and Specialty Seeds, is mainly intended for these uses.

As far as I can tell, most "barnyard millet" in food products is Indian barnyard millet (E. frumentacea), and is produced and packaged in India./7 One would assume that food grade Japanese barnyard millet (E. esculenta) is still cultivated in parts of Japan. It is apparently also grown in Europe for grain for food,/8 /9 although it's hard to be certain about the species. I'm personally wondering if food grade E. esculenta might be a potential crop for the conditions of the more humid areas of northern US and southern Canada./10

Finally, a couple of comments about the map (fig. 20) on p. 201 of your book/5 (a copy of the map is attached). First, it is helpful to have such overview maps of millets in North America, even though this is now over 3 decades old. Second, I'm noting from your source for Japanese millet's placement on the map, that even though this millet may be most grown in the SE US, it is also present across the continental US. I'd be curious to know how its distribution compares, say, with E. frumentacea (to the extent one can be clear that names in different sources are being used in a consistent way).

Anyway, that's a lot more detail than I had intended to get into. However, it's useful to try to clarify some of the nomenclature and verify that there are indeed two main cultivated species of Echinochloa, before we get to talking about "barnyard millet(s)" as millet-of-the-month in July.

All the best, Don

DO, EL, MI, US NAMA

Notes: 1. See the USDA plant guide for E. esculenta - both under alternate names and a couple of the references dating to the 1980s: https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_eces.pdf 2. USDA GRIN database "Taxon: Echinochloa frumentacea (Echinochloa colona Frumentacea Group)" https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=14828 3. The following recent article also uses this common name distinction, in the context of a very useful survey of the two "complexes," along with a third of lesser importance that I may return to later: Renganathan VG, Vanniarajan C, Karthikeyan A, Ramalingam J. "Barnyard Millet for Food and Nutritional Security: Current Status and Future Research Direction." Frontiers in Genetics. 2020 Jun 23;11:500. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2020.00500 PMID: 32655612; PMCID: PMC7325689. 4. The USDA GRIN database also lists these common names, citing a 1992 article by H. Scholz in Taxon https://doi.org/10.2307/1222824 . From the GRIN page on Echinochloa, at https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/cropdetail?type=species&id=224 , go to the pages for E. esculenta and E. frumentacea and select the tab "Common names" to see. 5. I downloaded it from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284179184_How_to_Produce_Proso_Mill... 6. See discussion in the context of one particular variety of E. frumentacea at https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/plantmaterials/mspmcrb13988.pdf 7. https://www.pinterest.com/drdonosborn/millets-plural/barnyard-millet/ 8. For example, "Japanese barnyard millet grits" from a Lithuanian farm (per "Place of Origin") https://www.urbanfood.lt/en/japanese-millet-grits-500-g 9. An interesting survey in French of millets in France, posted on LinkedIn by Philippe Pointereau, mentions "millet japonais (Echinochloa frumentacea)," but without clarity as to whether and for what this is cultivated there: https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7075488061702168576/ 10. Interestingly, Michigan Flora notes E. esculenta in the wild - "occasionally cultivated and escaped" - in two counties in the SW of the state: https://michiganflora.net/record/2869 11. Mitchell, Wilma A. 1989. Japanese millet ("Echinochloa Crusgalli" var. "frumentacea") : Section 7.1.6, US Army Corps of Engineers wildlife resources management manual https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/handle/11681/7217

On Tue, Jun 20, 2023 at 11:05?AM Joni Kindwall-Moore < joni@snacktivistfoods.com> wrote:

...

Thanks Gary

On Sat, Jun 17, 2023 at 4:13?PM Gary Wietgrefe via Collab < collab@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

...

More on Japanese millet: In the back of my 1990 book, *How to Produce Proso Millet: A Farmer's Guide,* I describe several other millets that had been grown in the U.S., Japanese millet was one (pp. 197-198). Perhaps I led to some of the confusion as I subtitled the category Echinochloa Crusgalli/Frumentacea. In the 1980s, a South Dakota seed company tried to grow Japanese millet, I assume Echinochloa esculenta, for seed. It was not a particularly good year for crops in general and my field inspection indicated it was not as drought hardy as proso or foxtail millets we customarily grow at this latitude. The seed company, which sold out twenty years ago, did not try to grow it again (to my knowledge). Lastly, there is production of Japanese millet, Echinochloa esculenta, in the U.S. See link to Johnson Seed Company, Enid, OK which offers 50 lb/bags for $57.00 (=$1.14 lb. for seed) which seems reasonable JAPANESE MILLET - Johnston Seed Company <https://www.johnstonseed.com/product/japanese-millet/>. Southeast Seed Inc., Trenton, FL also offers Japanese millet for sale Home - Southeast Seed Inc <https://southeastseed.com/> as does Speciality Seed Co. out of Anguilla, MS Japanese Millet - Specialty Seed <https://specialtyseed.com/japanese-millet/>.

I hope this provides some clarification....Gary Wietgrefe

On Sat, Jun 17, 2023 at 12:50?PM < collab-request@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

...

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Today's Topics:

1. Echinocloa spp. / Japanese / barnyard (Re: National Public Radio on millets, June 8, 2023) (Don Osborn)

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Thanks, David. This is not my domain expertise, and I haven't actually dealt with the plants in question, so I trust your judgement. I did however look at the Flora of North America (FNA) site further and found that their page on Echinochloa esculenta connects it with E. crus-galli, which is different than what they have on their page that we've discussed. So I wrote them a letter (appended below my sig). Also realize belatedly that I neglected to add the URL for the Yabuno article, which is in the letter to FNA. All this just to help assure that their info is consistent. One further question is what current research on the genetics of these species shows. (Which is even further outside my domain expertise!) Regarding food products & sources, the Konark chain looks interesting. As I think I may have written earlier, I'd like to get a small project to research the import sector for diverse millets that we can't get as food from domestic sources. That would include attention to retail outlets, and potentially the range of consumer products available. (Given time and resources!) All the best, Don DO, EL, MI, US NAMA =======Letter to FNA======= The FNA article on “ECHINOCHLOA” (spp.) at http://floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa today, has this text: “Cytogenetic data suggest that Echinochloa frumentacea and E. esculenta are domesticated derivatives of E. crus-galli and E. colona, respectively (Yabuno 1962) …” However, going back to the reference, Yabuno 1962, accessed at https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cytologia1929/27/3/27_3_296/_pdf , one notes this text (which, if one understands E. utilis to be the same as E. esculenta, suggests different pairings of the species) “On the basis of morphology and cytology the present author assumes that E. frumentacea, which is the cultivated species of India, has been derived from E. colona, on the other hand, E. utilis, which is Chino-Japanese cultivated species, has been derived from hexaploid variety of E. crus-galli.“ (p. 304) Meanwhile, the FNA article on “Echinochloa esculenta,” accessed at http://floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa_esculenta today, has this text (which is also at variance with the pairing of species in the ECHINOCHLOA article): “Echinochloa esculenta was derived from E. crus-galli in Japan, Korea, and China.“ Based on the above, as well as consultation of some other literature, it would seem important to review the ECHINOCHLOA article for accuracy of the pairings of species in the quoted text. Thank you, Don Osborn, PhD ================== On Thu, Jul 6, 2023 at 2:14 PM Brenner, David (CTR) - REE-ARS < david.brenner@usda.gov> wrote:

Don,

I have wondered about your points for years, but I have not looked at the research papers recently. I think that you are exactly right in summarizing the awkward part. E. crus-galli and E. frumentaceae look very similar. It is hard to imagine that E. colona is closer to E. frumentaceae than E. crus-galli is. So, it is intuitively easier to trust the Flora of North America version. Also, E. esculenta and E. colona look similar, but not as similar as the other two. I hope that there are dried-plant herbarium reference samples cited in the research so that the samples and species concepts can be checked for identification errors. Beyond that I acknowledge the quandary but cannot resolve it.

E. crus-galli is probably wild in your area. You could go to extension or to your local University herbarium for help in finding it. I would not be surprised if the food grade barnyard millet you buy germinates at some frequency. You could do germination experiments to find out and grow some on your windowsill over the winter.

My food-millet source was Konark Grocery http://www.konarkgrocers.com/

Thanks for pointing things out.

David Brenner

------------------------------ *From:* Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org> *Sent:* Thursday, July 6, 2023 12:38 PM *To:* Brenner, David (CTR) - REE-ARS <david.brenner@usda.gov> *Cc:* Gary Wietgrefe <gww374@gmail.com>; collab@lists.millets2023.space < collab@lists.millets2023.space> *Subject:* Re: [External Email][Collab] Echinochloa spp. / Japanese / barnyard (Re: Collab Digest, Vol 17, Issue 21)

Thank you, David. This is helpful.

One quick but central question. How does E. colona fit into the equation? Some sources have that as the presumed ancestor crop of E. frumentacea - (Indian) barnyard millet./1 /2 And one also sees E. crus-galli mentioned as the ancestor of E. esculenta - Japanese (barnyard) millet./3 However Flora of North America, citing T. Yabuno 1962 (per the page you shared the link for) of course has E. crus-galli as the ancestor of E. frumentacea, and E. colona the ancestor of E. esculentus. However, looking at the Yabuno article,/4 one notes this: "On the basis of morphology and cytology the present author assumes that E. frumentacea, which is the cultivated species of India, has been derived from E. colona, on the other hand, E. utilis, which is Chino-Japanese cultivated species, has been derived from hexaploid variety of E. crus-galli." Am assuming E. utilis is the old name for E. esculenta. Any clarifications would be helpful.

I'd like to get some plots on which to trial some of these for demo purposes, but too late this year anyway.

Regarding the eating - I'm trying to source barnyard, and one of the local small Indian groceries in the East Lansing area apparently has some in stock. Am presuming that's E. frumentacea. Ordering online is an option that I've used successfully in the past, but lately have found item prices and shipping prices/conditions vary weirdly between company sites and Amazon.

Also interested in finding E. esculenta grains to try. More on that later, with the further info about E. esculenta in Japan that I promised Gary previously in this thread.

All the best,

Don

DO, EL, MI, US NAMA

Notes: 1. E.g., Hilu, Khidir W. (1994). "Evidence from RAPD markers in the evolution of Echinochloa millets (Poaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 189 (3): 247–257. doi:10.1007/BF00939730. S2CID 33838562 (I believe that E. utilis is an older name for E. esculenta?) 2. Sood, Salej, et al, "Interspecific Hybrid between Echinochloa esculenta (Japanese barnyardmillet) and E. frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet) – A New Avenue forGenetic Enhancement of Barnyard Millet." Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 5(2): 248-253 (June 2014) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281060373_Research_Note_Interspecif... 3. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant guide, "JAPANESE MILLET Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz" https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_eces.pdf 4. Yabuno, T. 1962. Cytotaxonomic studies on the two cultivated species and the wild relatives in the genus Echinochloa. Cytologia 27:296-305

On Thu, Jul 6, 2023 at 10:19 AM Brenner, David (CTR) - REE-ARS < david.brenner@usda.gov> wrote:

Don,

I maintain Echinochloa cultivated and wild germplasm here in Ames, Iowa at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, which is part of the US National Plant Germplasm System. As a group they are adapted for grain production here in Iowa and the temperate zone, without new plant breeding. They are adapted to perform well in areas that flood and have standing water, and heavy soil. The challenge for potential growers in the US is to market the grain crop without established marketing channels.

We use "barnyard millet" as shorthand for the entire Echinochloa group, but you are right there are distinctions.

*Barnyard millet * The taxonomic boundaries are unclear between Echinochloa frumentacea (160 accessions) and Echinochloa crus-galli ((78 accessions) at least in our collection. We have accessions that could be corrected from one species to the other. Some drop their seeds early which is called shattering, others retain their seeds on the plant which is better suited for agricultural grain production. For agriculture non-shattering is an important trait, which we have not documented in the database. We ought to have a good way of measuring shattering, but don't. Some in the barnyard millet group mature seeds too late for our season length here in Iowa, but most are adapted for seed maturity here.

*Japanese millet* The Japanese millets Echinochloa esculenta (5 accessions) are relatively easy to identify because of the red coloring on the seed-husks. They look similar to each other and are adapted for seed maturity here in Iowa. They have relatively little shattering. There is an existing market for Japanese millet in the USA to plant for feeding wild game birds.

The Flora of North America is a good descriptive reference for these species: http://floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa

Our heaviest seeded barnyard millet is PI 182304 (0.97 grams per 100 seeds) and is identified in our database as Echinochloa crus-galli. a link to it: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/accessiondetail?id=1157690 Our heaviest seeded Japanese millet is PI 677106 (0.379 grams per 100 seeds). A link to it: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/accessiondetail?id=1061175. I think that PI 182304 has potential to improve the crop by increasing seed size.

I have started purchasing food-grade barnyard millet (labeled as "barnyard millet" in a modern sturdy plastic zip-lock) and other minor millets at an Indian ethnic grocery in Des Moines, Iowa for eating at home. Barnyard millet is delicious as a pilaf cooked in a pressure cooker.

Our germplasm can be viewed and requested for research and development, including commercial development at: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/search.

(By accession I mean a population maintained separately from the other accessions and originating from one place and time such as a market sample from one place in India, or a wild population in Iowa, or Florida.)

There is more I could say about the Echinochloa collection, but I am stopping here since this email could go on too long. Send me your questions.

David Brenner (he/him) David.Brenner@USDA.GOV

Or: dbrenner@iastate.edu

Plant Introduction Station phone 515-294-6786 Iowa State University fax 515-294-4880 716 Farm House Lane, Ames, IA 50011-1051 USA

https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/search.aspx? Curator of: Amaranthus, Celosia, Chenopodium, Coronilla, Dalea, Galega, Melilotus, Perilla, Portulaca, Spinacia, miscellaneous Umbelliferae, and the millets: Echinochloa, Panicum, and Setaria. Hatch Act NC7 Regional Project in the US National Plant Germplasm System

------------------------------ *From:* Collab <collab-bounces@lists.millets2023.space> on behalf of Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org> *Sent:* Tuesday, July 4, 2023 11:03 AM *To:* Gary Wietgrefe <gww374@gmail.com> *Cc:* collab@lists.millets2023.space <collab@lists.millets2023.space> *Subject:* [External Email][Collab] Echinochloa spp. / Japanese / barnyard (Re: Collab Digest, Vol 17, Issue 21)

[External Email] If this message comes from an *unexpected sender* or references a *vague/unexpected topic;* Use caution before clicking links or opening attachments. Please send any concerns or suspicious messages to: Spam.Abuse@usda.gov Thank you, Gary, for your answers and thoughts on barnyard millets (Echinochloa spp.).

Re #1, I am finding various recent literature, using the terms "Indian barnyard millet" (E. frumentacea) and "Japanese barnyard millet" (E. esculenta), so it would make sense to continue to use these. More on those sources in a later post on barnyard millet(s) as "millet-of-the-month" for July.

Re nos. 2 & 3: I hope to share more info on Japanese barnyard millet in Japan. You are right, of course, that arable land in Japan is not abundant, and what land is devoted to agriculture has other priorities. However, my limited understanding is that some areas are more suited to millets than rice culture. Also, if there is a cultural importance to this minor crop, one imagines it would be a niche that some farmers would find profitable. More later.

Re #4, I am thinking of Japanese barnyard millet (grown for grain) only as a potential alternative crop in the more humid Great Lakes region, for example. Only two small problems: availability of a food-grade variety suitable for the region, and lack of a market (domestic or international). So this is long range musing.

I wouldn't expect Michigan to compete with the plains states on production of proso millet or sorghum. Some growers may find success with either of these (seeking examples), but it's something like the one farm in the state growing grain teff (truly still an alternative crop in the US, even if it is established in parts of the northwest of the country) that gets attention and finds a niche market (in this case via association with the Teffola brand line of products) So maybe that's the route for other selected small millets here and in North America in general?

Finally, re #5 (distro of the two Echinochloa spp. in North America), I do also find US sources for Indian barnyard millet / billion dollar grass / "Japanese millet" (again that name) meaning E. frumentacea: * https://seedvilleusa.com/products/150-japanese-millet-billion-dollar-grass-g... * https://www.amkhaseed.com/products/millet-japanese-echinochloa-frumentacea (altho the company is now apparently in a transition)

Regarding distribution, Flora of North America has this page on E. frumentacea (Indian BYM), noting that "It is found occasionally in the contiguous United States and southern Canada, the primary source being birdseed mixes." http://floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa_frumentacea

Compare with this page on their site about E. esculenta (Japanese BYM). Apparently they see much less distribution: http://floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa_esculenta

Hopefully David Brenner can weigh in on this.

All the best,

Don

DO, EL, MI, US NAMA

On Sun, Jun 25, 2023 at 2:09 AM Gary Wietgrefe via Collab < collab@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

I appreciate your map comments. Here are my simple responses: 1. Yes, "Japanese" millet is problematic without scientific names. Indian barnyard millet (E. frumentacea) seems like a nice clarification and Japanese barnyard millet (E. esculenta) the common one planted in the U.S. mainly for non-seed harvesting would make references easier. 2. I highly doubt much millet of any kind is grown in Japan. See my 1989 comments about U.S. exports to Japan (p-.91-92 in Proso Millet: A Trade Summary) and Argentine millet exports to Japan (pg. 120). 3. Japan has probably been importing millet shortly after WWII occupation. Farmland is so valuable, and millet relatively an economical import that Japan would find it much more economical to import. About twenty years ago when I was testing various millets for ethanol, Japanese were most interested in glutenous proso rather than common proso millet. I've never seen a request in Japan for Japanese millet, however, I have been out of that loop way too long to be knowledgeable about Japanese millet imports. Like other countries, Japan millet imports are very likely used as a rice substitute/supplement. 4. Can Japanese barnyard millet be grown in the U.S./Canada (more humid areas) and harvested for seed for human consumption? Sure it can. But, what is possible is often unlikely. Why? Japanese barnyard millet produced in any Corn Belt state would likely be discriminated against for the same reason proso millet is not grown in the Corn Belt. First, it is not price competitive with corn or soybeans. Secondly, and most importantly, volunteer Japanese barnyard millet would be construed to be a "barnyard" grassy weed, or potential one--just like proso millet is confused by agronomists and farmers in the Corn Belt with wild proso millet. To me, their ignorance is astounding about proso for grain. I know. Traveling around the country as an agronomist, I've had those discussions. I wasted breath. However, those using millets, including Japanese, in cover crops and wildlife plots have spread beyond southeastern U.S., but we can assume it is mixed with other seed species with very very little harvested for grain. 5. Are both E. frumentacea and E. esculenta grown throughout the U.S.? My assumption is NO. Based on seed suppliers, at least ones that list the type of Japanese millet (i.e. Johnston Seed), I must assume E. esculenta may be the only type used.

I am not an expert on Japanese millet and look forward to July's discussions....Gary

On Sat, Jun 24, 2023 at 10:30 PM <collab-request@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

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Today's Topics:

1. Echinochloa spp. / Japanese / barnyard (Re: Collab Digest, Vol 17, Issue 11) (Don Osborn)

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Message: 1 Date: Sun, 25 Jun 2023 00:30:20 -0400 From: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org> To: collab@lists.millets2023.space Subject: [Collab] Echinochloa spp. / Japanese / barnyard (Re: Collab Digest, Vol 17, Issue 11) Message-ID: <CA+RHibU90SMEAHDhpqeskOU= S+Uyg1wKbxHrKVCGQT6fb6rS-A@mail.gmail.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"

Thank you, Gary, this is helpful.

I have the impression that the appellation Echinochloa crus-galli (var.) frumentacea is fairly old, so any confusion would not be your fault. A USDA guide has it listed as an "alternate" scientific name for E. esculenta./1 On the other hand, the GRIN database has this same name as a synonym for E. frumentacea,/2 The scientific namespace for these species is challenging, so as not to say confusing. However, the various and sometimes overlapping common name usages are even more so, with that of "Japanese millet" seeming to me to be particularly problematic (as a sometimes catch-all)

I personally (again, without claiming any expertise) found it useful to think of the two lines as "Japanese barnyard millet" (E. esculenta) and "Indian barnyard millet" (E. frumentacea)./3 /4 The latter seems to be produced for food, primarily in India, much more than the former, but in the US is sometimes called "billion dollar grass."

In the US, as you point out in your book,/5 and which I noted also in the USDA descriptions,/1 /6 these species are grown primarily for forage and wildlife. It looks like the seed that you note is available in the US from Johnston Seeds and Specialty Seeds, is mainly intended for these uses.

As far as I can tell, most "barnyard millet" in food products is Indian barnyard millet (E. frumentacea), and is produced and packaged in India./7 One would assume that food grade Japanese barnyard millet (E. esculenta) is still cultivated in parts of Japan. It is apparently also grown in Europe for grain for food,/8 /9 although it's hard to be certain about the species. I'm personally wondering if food grade E. esculenta might be a potential crop for the conditions of the more humid areas of northern US and southern Canada./10

Finally, a couple of comments about the map (fig. 20) on p. 201 of your book/5 (a copy of the map is attached). First, it is helpful to have such overview maps of millets in North America, even though this is now over 3 decades old. Second, I'm noting from your source for Japanese millet's placement on the map, that even though this millet may be most grown in the SE US, it is also present across the continental US. I'd be curious to know how its distribution compares, say, with E. frumentacea (to the extent one can be clear that names in different sources are being used in a consistent way).

Anyway, that's a lot more detail than I had intended to get into. However, it's useful to try to clarify some of the nomenclature and verify that there are indeed two main cultivated species of Echinochloa, before we get to talking about "barnyard millet(s)" as millet-of-the-month in July.

All the best, Don

DO, EL, MI, US NAMA

Notes: 1. See the USDA plant guide for E. esculenta - both under alternate names and a couple of the references dating to the 1980s: https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_eces.pdf 2. USDA GRIN database "Taxon: Echinochloa frumentacea (Echinochloa colona Frumentacea Group)" https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=14828 3. The following recent article also uses this common name distinction, in the context of a very useful survey of the two "complexes," along with a third of lesser importance that I may return to later: Renganathan VG, Vanniarajan C, Karthikeyan A, Ramalingam J. "Barnyard Millet for Food and Nutritional Security: Current Status and Future Research Direction." Frontiers in Genetics. 2020 Jun 23;11:500. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2020.00500 PMID: 32655612; PMCID: PMC7325689. 4. The USDA GRIN database also lists these common names, citing a 1992 article by H. Scholz in Taxon https://doi.org/10.2307/1222824 . From the GRIN page on Echinochloa, at https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/cropdetail?type=species&id=224 , go to the pages for E. esculenta and E. frumentacea and select the tab "Common names" to see. 5. I downloaded it from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284179184_How_to_Produce_Proso_Mill... 6. See discussion in the context of one particular variety of E. frumentacea at https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/plantmaterials/mspmcrb13988.pdf 7. https://www.pinterest.com/drdonosborn/millets-plural/barnyard-millet/ 8. For example, "Japanese barnyard millet grits" from a Lithuanian farm (per "Place of Origin") https://www.urbanfood.lt/en/japanese-millet-grits-500-g 9. An interesting survey in French of millets in France, posted on LinkedIn by Philippe Pointereau, mentions "millet japonais (Echinochloa frumentacea)," but without clarity as to whether and for what this is cultivated there: https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7075488061702168576/ 10. Interestingly, Michigan Flora notes E. esculenta in the wild - "occasionally cultivated and escaped" - in two counties in the SW of the state: https://michiganflora.net/record/2869 11. Mitchell, Wilma A. 1989. Japanese millet ("Echinochloa Crusgalli" var. "frumentacea") : Section 7.1.6, US Army Corps of Engineers wildlife resources management manual https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/handle/11681/7217

On Tue, Jun 20, 2023 at 11:05?AM Joni Kindwall-Moore < joni@snacktivistfoods.com> wrote:

...

Thanks Gary

On Sat, Jun 17, 2023 at 4:13?PM Gary Wietgrefe via Collab < collab@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

...

More on Japanese millet: In the back of my 1990 book, *How to Produce Proso Millet: A Farmer's Guide,* I describe several other millets that had been grown in the U.S., Japanese millet was one (pp. 197-198). Perhaps I led to some of the confusion as I subtitled the category Echinochloa Crusgalli/Frumentacea. In the 1980s, a South Dakota seed company tried to grow Japanese millet, I assume Echinochloa esculenta, for seed. It was not a particularly good year for crops in general and my field inspection indicated it was not as drought hardy as proso or foxtail millets we customarily grow at this latitude. The seed company, which sold out twenty years ago, did not try to grow it again (to my knowledge). Lastly, there is production of Japanese millet, Echinochloa esculenta, in the U.S. See link to Johnson Seed Company, Enid, OK which offers 50 lb/bags for $57.00 (=$1.14 lb. for seed) which seems reasonable JAPANESE MILLET - Johnston Seed Company <https://www.johnstonseed.com/product/japanese-millet/>. Southeast Seed Inc., Trenton, FL also offers Japanese millet for sale Home - Southeast Seed Inc <https://southeastseed.com/> as does Speciality Seed Co. out of Anguilla, MS Japanese Millet - Specialty Seed <https://specialtyseed.com/japanese-millet/>.

I hope this provides some clarification....Gary Wietgrefe

On Sat, Jun 17, 2023 at 12:50?PM < collab-request@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

...

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Today's Topics:

1. Echinocloa spp. / Japanese / barnyard (Re: National Public Radio on millets, June 8, 2023) (Don Osborn)

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