Don, excellent start at capturing the value and diverse uses of millet oils. *Proso oil is high quality*. A composition analysis of 19 grains is in the attached chart. Unfortunately, the type of millet is not identified, but is likely whole grain proso. Grain-Nutrition-Comparison-Matrix.pdf <https://www.einkorn.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Grain-Nutrition-Comparison-Matrix.pdf>. Volume of seed oil is important, but also the type of oil affecting human metabolic functions. Soybean, corn, sunflower, safflower, wheat germ, and grape oils contain over 50% linoleic acid. Polyunsaturated_fats_in_plant_oils.png (1080×1080) <https://images.ctfassets.net/stnv4edzz8v3/25E1IVeShv9HOcse0Luc5p/dbe6b2165d4ca7f4a93e2f912f3bcdf6/Polyunsaturated_fats_in_plant_oils.png>. Researchers agree proso millet oil and starch components vary significantly in linoleic vs oleic acids with wide variance in varieties allowing for breeding selections based on market needs. Full article: Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activities of nine Chinese proso millet varieties <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540105.2018.1428283#d1e2712> *Corn vs millet oil*: Over 40% of U.S. corn is converted to ethanol with corn oil extracted adding value and marketability of distillers grains by increasing protein, better digestibility of ruminants, and increases value by marketing corn oil separately in swine and poultry diets and biodiesel. Proso grain converted to ethanol in those ethanol plants would likely extract similar quantities of proso oil as corn with significant quality differences in acid profiles. Distillers Corn Oil Recovery White Paper.pdf <https://biosolutions.novozymes.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/Distillers%20Corn%20Oil%20Recovery%20White%20Paper.pdf> *Dehulled proso for food changes characteristics of component*s, including oil with proso hulls having 1.4% ether extract (crude fat). See page 142 in my 1990 book (PDF) How to Produce Proso Millet: A Farmer's Guide <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284179184_How_to_Produce_Proso_Millet_A_Farmer's_Guide> and Study on metabolic variation in whole grains of four proso millet varieties reveals metabolites important for antioxidant properties and quality traits - ScienceDirect <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814621007974> *Quality and characteristics of nine millets* indicate each oil has different health and nutritional benefits. For a good comparison see Antiproliferative potential and DNA scission inhibitory activity of phenolics from whole millet grains - ScienceDirect <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S175646461100034X> With *over 400,000 acres of proso harvested in the U.S. for grain each year*, different industries from foods to health (e.g. supplements) will find beneficial uses of proso components.....Gary Wietgrefe On Tue, Mar 25, 2025 at 6:01 AM <collab-request@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

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Today's Topics:

1. Millet oils (Don Osborn)

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Message: 1 Date: Mon, 24 Mar 2025 09:07:48 -0400 From: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org> To: collab@lists.millets2023.space Subject: [Collab] Millet oils Message-ID: <CA+RHibWafpCK9ONruu1= SBKjh+6TgX4Hm07hftK9xaZLV8XeCQ@mail.gmail.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"

The topic of millet oils came up in a discussion a few weeks ago. Following that, Gary put together a list of links. I've built on those, including one from Joanna Kane-Potaka in a discussion here in 2023, plus others from online. This list has been reorganized, and I dug out full text links to the oldest articles (1920 & 1933). Some of these are quite technical.

All that said, there is a lot more out there. Millet oils, particularly from proso, are not a new thing - after all, oils have been extracted from seeds of various plants since over a century. Millet oils would be edible, of course, but some are used in health and cosmetic applications.

List follows (please add others if you have any):

PRODUCTS (random; appear to all be proso oil)

Panicum miliaceum seed oil, by INCI Beauty (France), https://incibeauty.com/en/ingredients/8588-panicum-miliaceum-seed-oil

Gold millet oil, by Zwicky (Switzerland), https://www.zwicky.swiss/en/diet/food-supplement/gold-millet-oil

Millet Oil, by Agrofirma Pole LLC (Ukraine), https://www.ingredientsnetwork.com/millet-oil-prod1280607.html

Millet seed oil, by W. Ulrich (Germany), https://ulrichgmbh.de/en/produkte/further-products/millet-seed-oil/

Keranat? (Millet Seed Oil), by Robertet (France), https://www.ingredientsonline.com/botanicals/keranatr-millet-seed-oil/

OVERVIEW (focus on sorghum & pearl millet, but situates discussion among other millets)

Rooney, L.W., 1978, "Sorghum and Pearl Millet Lipids," Cereal Chemistry, 55(5): 584-590

https://www.cerealsgrains.org/publications/cc/backissues/1978/documents/chem...

PROSO

Smith, Winifred E., and Edith K. Waller, 1933, "The Characteristics of Millet Oil," The Analyst, Vol. 56, No. 687, pp. 319-324 http://lib3.dss.go.th/fulltext/scan_ebook/analyst_1933_v58_no687.pdf

Dunbar, B.A., and E.R. Binnewies, 1920, "Proso Millet Inestigations - Analysis of the Oil - A Characteristic Alcohol," Journal of the American Chemical Society, 43(3): 658-666 https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.523763/page/658/mode/2up

An, Yeon Ju, et al. "Determination of Miliacin from Proso Millet Oil by GC/MS." Korean Journal of Crop Science, vol. 67, no. 4, ??????, Dec. 2022, pp. 335?341, doi:10.7740/KJCS.2022.67.4.335. https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO202213759685851.page

Lee E, Seo HD, Kim D, Park SH, Kim SR, Hyun C, Hahm JH, Ha TY, Ahn J, Jung CH. Millet seed oil activates ?-catenin signaling and promotes hair growth. Front Pharmacol. 2023 May 9;14:1172084. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1172084. PMID: 37229245; PMCID: PMC10203242.

FOXTAIL

Liang, S., Yang, G. & Ma, Y. "Chemical Characteristics and Fatty Acid Profile of Foxtail Millet Bran Oil." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 87, 63?67 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-009-1475-3 &

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225660807_Chemical_Characteristics_...

Pang M, He SJ, Cao LL, Jiang ST. "Optimization and evaluation of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) bran oil by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction." Grasas aceites [Internet]. 2015 Dec. 30 [cited 2025Mar.24];66(4):e107. Available from:

https://grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es/index.php/grasasyaceites/article/vie...

PEARL

Slama, A., Cherif, A., Sakouhi, F. et al. Fatty acids, phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of pearl millet oil. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety 15, 145?151 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-019-01250-4

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Don Osborn, PhD (East Lansing, MI, US) North American Millets Alliance