Biblical millet: 
Color, agronomics, and social status should be added to the interesting discussion on Ezekiel 4:9.

Color: Seed color is most likely why both Hebrew and Arabic references "smokey."  It is highly unlikely the gray color was referring to the millet plant or leaf as suggested by McClintock and Strong. Proso has had many colors over the centuries, with white, yellow, and red are he common colors in the 21st century.
Example 1: see pages 181-189 in my book (5) (PDF) How to Produce Proso Millet: A Farmer's Guide (researchgate.net) where I listed 1920s U.S. proso varieties varying in color from creamy (off) white (White Ural), brownish yellow (Hanson white Siberian), reddish brown (red Russian), and brownish black (Black Voronezh).

Example 2: Crown, a 20th-century proso variety with seed color gray-green, was developed by Canada. Some old research claimed the Corn Belt weed, wild proso millet, with dark red turning into black seeded weeds supposedly initially came from planting Crown. Recent research suggests otherwise The Biology of Canadian Weeds: 155. Panicum miliaceum L. (cdnsciencepub.com). See seed colors Figure 7 of Proso millet | ontario.ca.

Example 3: Argentina's plata (yellow or silver) proso millet still has remnants of gray (smokey) seed coat. See PRODUCTS – El Campo S.A (elcamposa.com.ar).

Example 4: "Proso" in North America and Europe is the current name Panicum miliaceum, but as the world's "common" millet, it has had many names including "browncorn" millet. Varieties around the world often referred to production location or seed color. I have never found an agronomic reference to proso leaf or plant color to identify the crop.

Agronomics: All crops have moved over the years, but even with good breeding agronomics force crops to certain latitudes. Argentine and Australian production of proso in the southern hemisphere is at comparable latitudes of proso production in North America, Europe, and Asia.
After the Soviet Union state farms collapsed, I reintroduced U.S. varieties of proso in Mongolia comparing it to local and Russian varieties. See my 2022 research paper (5) (PDF) Ancient Proso Millet and the Twentieth Century Survival of Mongolia (researchgate.net). In the late 1990s I reintroduced proso millet in Turkey since it was an early source of U.S. varieties. See (5) (PDF) Effect of Seeding Rate and Nitrogen Fertilization on Proso Millet Under Dryland and Irrigated Conditions (researchgate.net).

Ezekiel ate millet while living along Nebuchadnezzar's private canal on the Chebar River near Nippur in what is now eastern Iraq which would have been the southern belt of ancient proso production. In 1903 E.A. Bessey working for USDA introduced in the U.S. the yellowish-brown Turghai from Russia or Siberia. In 1968 Colorado's breeding program released the yellow-tan colored Leonard from seed collected earlier from Afghanistan. I haven't found sources of U.S. varieties collected in Iraq or Iran, but I seriously doubt they produced white varieties so common today. Who knows? Farmers have always kept back proso seed to plant the following year. They still do. They certainly did to supply their prophet Ezekiel.

Social: Ezekiel was a prophet of high status even as a captive where he lived in his own home under Nebuchadnezzar in Babylon. Though he lived on about eight ounces of coarse bread while laying on his side prophesying for 190 or possibly 390 (depending on the translation), he would have been supplied with grains by his followers. I can't imagine old Ezek out in the field looking for a smokey colored plant. 

Thanks Don for bringing the topic forward....Gary Wietgrefe

 

On Tue, Sep 10, 2024 at 12:44 AM <collab-request@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:
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Today's Topics:

   1. Re: Which "millet" is in the Biblical verse, Ezekiel 4:9?
      (Don Osborn)
   2. Re: Official Request, Seeking Importers of Millets from NAMA.
      (saiway_in@outlook.com)


----------------------------------------------------------------------

Message: 1
Date: Mon, 9 Sep 2024 12:55:51 -0400
From: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org>
To: Dipak Santra <dsantra2@unl.edu>
Cc: "collab@lists.millets2023.space" <collab@lists.millets2023.space>
Subject: Re: [Collab] Which "millet" is in the Biblical verse, Ezekiel
        4:9?
Message-ID:
        <CA+RHibWhu4+dJDxDk0Y_MHK8tRg7D97BfRFmwzf++_QfTb8QyA@mail.gmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"

Thank you for the feedback, Dipak.

Here's a question: Could one describe the leaves of proso millet as having
a "dark-green or smoky color," as the McClintock and Strong source does? I
would have placed proso plants more or less in the middle of a spectrum of
greens, along with many other crops. Anyway, that source seems to cite
something for this that I can't find online - "Sept. ???????,Vulg. nzilium."

Another site has a page with commentary from several sources:
https://reformadoresdasaude.com/dicb/?sis=3683 . Some of those mention
sorghum as a possibility One of them mentions foxtail (as Italian millet),
but also states that proso ("common millet") was "cultivated in Egypt in
very ancient times," which other sources would not agree with. Recall also
that there appears to be evidence of pearl millet in ancient Egypt (at
least one source suggests there is not, but see below). To be clear, wheat
and barley were by far the dominant crops in Egypt's Nile valley.

One article by Dorian Q. Fuller and Leilani Lucas ("Savanna on the Nile:
Long?term Agricultural Diversification and Intensification in Nubia," in E.
Emberling & B.B. Williams, eds., *The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia*,
2021,
https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10119133/1/Nubia%20handbook%20final%20ms.pdf
) notes evidence of sorghum and pearl millet in some sites in Nubia and up
into oasis areas of Egypt. Proso/broomcorn millet is mentioned in the later
Meroitic period. (Interested to note also mention of "a lost indigenous
foxtail millet, Setaria sphaceleata" - which, rather than foxtail millet,
S. italica, was apparently also cultivated there in ancient times.)

In any event, Egypt, with its dominant flooding agriculture, is a different
situation than either Nubia or the Levant, which in turn are in different
climate and agro-ecological zones. Anyway, it's complicated.

In addition to better understanding what millets were grown where and when
in the Middle East, cultural and historical factors during the time of
Ezekiel would be helpful in reviewing the question of which millet was
being referred to in Ezekiel 4:9.

Anyway, that's all I have now on this...

Don

DO, EL, MI, US
NAMA


On Sun, Sep 8, 2024 at 9:44?PM Dipak Santra <dsantra2@unl.edu> wrote:

> Don,
> Wow?. Amazing fact?I will keep this question in mind while searching
> literature.
>
> Thank you very much for sharing this.
>
> Dipak
>
> Get Outlook for iOS <https://aka.ms/o0ukef>
> ------------------------------
> *From:* Collab <collab-bounces@lists.millets2023.space> on behalf of Don
> Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org>
> *Sent:* Sunday, September 8, 2024 6:24:30 PM
> *To:* collab@lists.millets2023.space <collab@lists.millets2023.space>
> *Subject:* [Collab] Which "millet" is in the Biblical verse, Ezekiel 4:9?
>
> Caution: Non-NU Email
>
> Even if you haven't read the Bible, you may have seen the one verse from
> it that mentions "millet" on a brand of sprouted bread and cereal named
> after that verse: Ezekiel 4:9.
>
> "Take thou also unto thee wheat, and barley, and beans, and lentils, and
> millet, and spelt, and put them in one vessel, and make thee bread thereof;
> according to the number of the days that thou shalt lie upon thy side, even
> three hundred and ninety days, shalt thou eat thereof." Ezekiel 4:9 (ASV)/1
>
> But do we know what millet it was exactly?
>
> The Hebrew is ?????? (do'chan), which more than one source on the Bible
> say is Panicum miliaceum (proso or broomcorn millet). One of those sources,
> the authoritative *McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia* is among
> those commentaries./2
>
> That source also notes the Arabic cognate, ????? (du?n), which it says
> also refers to P. miliaceum. However, Wehr and Cowan's authoritative *A
> Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic* (3rd ed., 1976) defines the term as
> pearl millet, i.e., Pennisetum glaucum./3
>
> Both the Hebrew and Arabic words come from roots that also denote smoke. McClintock
> and Strong see the connection with proso as being "the dark-green or
> smoky color of the leaf." However, one should also note that the grains of
> pearl millet typically have a greyish hue, that might be called a smoky
> color as well.
>
> Another source on the Bible, says that the Arabic word is used "to
> describe two different kinds of millet" (which it does not specify)./4 That
> might remove the ambiguity in favor of the Hebrew word meaning P. miliaceum
> - if perhaps the two millets in Arabic are proso and pearl.
>
> However, it would be useful to consult work of historians and
> ethnobotanists on the dissemination of these two crops in the ancient
> Middle East - one coming from China and the other from West Africa.
>
> A shallow dive on the latter suggestion ...
>
> It's hard from researching online to get any clear answer, and I'm under
> no illusion that "doing my own research" on the internet about common names
> for millets in ancient languages would refute the conclusions of
> Biblical scholars. However, having worked along the boundaries of domain
> expertise, where understandable errors can be made and overlooked, I would
> not be astonished if a valid case could be made for pearl millet in the
> Book of Ezekiel.
>
> There has been research and discussion about how the African-origin
> millets - pearl millet, sorghum, and finger millet - made their way to
> India./5 It is also known that on the one hand, pearl millet was in Egypt
> fairly early, and that proso was in Sudanese Nubia for a time, even though
> there's apparently no evidence for it in Egypt or Mesopotamia. While proso
> disseminated across Eurasia to Europe, did it also follow a sea-coast route
> from Asia to Nubia (the reverse of what has been posited for African
> millets to India)?
>
> All of this, by the way, before the time of the Book of Ezekiel. Could
> proso have become the or an established millet in the Middle East in the
> time of Ezekiel? Keep in mind that its cultivation in Nubia did not endure.
> What of pearl millet in the region during this period?
>
> Anyway, lots of questions.
>
> Don
>
> Don Osborn, PhD
> (East Lansing, MI, US)
> North American Millets Alliance
>
> Notes:
> 1. https://www.bible.com/bible/compare/EZK.4.9
> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.bible.com/bible/compare/EZK.4.9__;!!PvXuogZ4sRB2p-tU!E6s1RQoiX8-e7g5W8Vw2McGwDYhDGCuWSkL7y_qwwWpUtyo6fOIEuNmzdv_KSUzA4oiNCDUKkq3qjxEiig$>
> 2. https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/M/millet.html
> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/M/millet.html__;!!PvXuogZ4sRB2p-tU!E6s1RQoiX8-e7g5W8Vw2McGwDYhDGCuWSkL7y_qwwWpUtyo6fOIEuNmzdv_KSUzA4oiNCDUKkq1_WpO3Mg$>
> 3.
> https://ia803408.us.archive.org/3/items/dictionary-of-modern-written-arabic-hans/Dictionary_of_modern_written_Arabic_Hans.pdf
> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://ia803408.us.archive.org/3/items/dictionary-of-modern-written-arabic-hans/Dictionary_of_modern_written_Arabic_Hans.pdf__;!!PvXuogZ4sRB2p-tU!E6s1RQoiX8-e7g5W8Vw2McGwDYhDGCuWSkL7y_qwwWpUtyo6fOIEuNmzdv_KSUzA4oiNCDUKkq18r2j7GA$>
> (scroll to p; 275)
> 4. https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/encyclopedia-of-the-bible/Millet
> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/encyclopedia-of-the-bible/Millet__;!!PvXuogZ4sRB2p-tU!E6s1RQoiX8-e7g5W8Vw2McGwDYhDGCuWSkL7y_qwwWpUtyo6fOIEuNmzdv_KSUzA4oiNCDUKkq1j8jkR3g$>
> 5.
> https://dispatchesfromturtleisland.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-did-african-crops-get-to-india.html
> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://dispatchesfromturtleisland.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-did-african-crops-get-to-india.html__;!!PvXuogZ4sRB2p-tU!E6s1RQoiX8-e7g5W8Vw2McGwDYhDGCuWSkL7y_qwwWpUtyo6fOIEuNmzdv_KSUzA4oiNCDUKkq0W19s1lQ$>
> (a discussion about research, including by noted millets scholar Dorian Q.
> Fuller)
>
>
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------------------------------

Message: 2
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 2024 06:43:50 +0000
From: "saiway_in@outlook.com" <saiway_in@outlook.com>
To: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org>
Cc: "collab@lists.millets2023.space" <collab@lists.millets2023.space>
Subject: Re: [Collab] Official Request, Seeking Importers of Millets
        from NAMA.
Message-ID:
        <SI2PR04MB4985E21BD75057D161CE04C9909A2@SI2PR04MB4985.apcprd04.prod.outlook.com>

Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"

Hii Don

Any updates regarding business opportunities to export Millets to USA and Cannada ,I would be happy to feed your country with All 9 Millets , it would be great if you would refer me as reference to some importers over there, and also provide their point of contact.

My point is that why don't you only start millet imports in your region we are one of the biggest producers of millets in India and we can supply you nearly 200 Tons of Millets every month with top Quality and Assurance and our Millets are imported by one client in USA presently and FDA approved.

Please support me on this accordingly.

Regards,

SAIWAY INTERNATIONAL
Chinmay Salimath(Dir)
Ph:7760396183/7892540270
saiway_in@outlook.com/connectus@saiway-international.com
www.saiway-international.com<http://www.saiway-international.com>
EXPORTING EXCELLENECE WORLDWIDE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[cid:8c607074-fa88-48d2-b638-efc8da691c5b]        [cid:54aee862-66a4-4dea-be32-17b3253041ba]           [cid:acf46938-f04e-4843-9099-7b21f7ddfe51]  [cid:a0b9cc07-2cf1-493e-939d-30b15dccf1c5] [cid:55bd763f-7d62-40f2-b766-66d28051e0db]  [cid:11a1d98f-a88f-49ce-8869-9a1abf0af77b] [cid:08deb465-490c-4d9b-9aad-4906b7fd8de7]




________________________________
From: saiway_in@outlook.com <saiway_in@outlook.com>
Sent: Sunday, June 16, 2024 8:02 PM
To: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org>
Subject: Re: [Collab] Official Request, Seeking Importers of Millets from NAMA.

Hii Don,

Yes we are Affiliated With FIEO,APEDA,GLOBAL LINKER,FSSAI .Yes we are member of one of the 30 k members also.
Recently we have also got our Facility Registerd with USFDA.

I am just waiting for all you and your team to support and Updates for my Business in North America.
We want to let people know how Millets can bring change to a Healthy Life. Thank you have a wonderful year Don & the Team

SAIWAY INTERNATIONAL
Chinmay Salimath(Dir)
Ph:7760396183/7892540270
saiway_in@outlook.com/connectus@saiway-international.com
www.saiway-international.com<http://www.saiway-international.com>
EXPORTING EXCELLENECE WORLDWIDE
[cid:de3d7335-546a-48ea-ac9c-6d8b844c3dac]        [cid:912ed4ea-ba64-4e31-bf09-7cbdffc3dc6a]           [cid:571af36b-7ea4-44ca-b3bf-7b8c7a0c0309]  [cid:4c6b8970-3199-472a-963a-d0c8fa5b6a3b] [cid:25fa5b42-ae9a-4ab4-8348-e4fbe372a201]  [cid:4980cb68-5351-4ebd-9778-f1598cf1418a] [cid:da7fe88e-79bb-4a1a-86e9-c200d6a4681b]




________________________________
From: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org>
Sent: Sunday, June 16, 2024 5:01 PM
To: saiway_in@outlook.com <saiway_in@outlook.com>
Cc: collab@lists.millets2023.space <collab@lists.millets2023.space>
Subject: Re: [Collab] Official Request, Seeking Importers of Millets from NAMA.

You're most welcome, Chinmay Salimath.

Noting that you have the logo of the Federation of Indian Exporting Organisations (FIEO) in your sig, I'm guessing you are affiliated with them, perhaps as one of their over 30k members? Also noting the logo of APEDA, the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority,/2 and that on their website, they have a millets portal with various information and directories on millets production in India and on exporting to various countries./3

Regarding your own website (also in your sig, of course), it has a very nice and informative presentation.

Thank you for bringing all this to our attention.

All the best,

Don

DO, EL, MI, US
NAMA

Notes:
1. https://fieo.org/
2. https://apeda.gov.in/
3. https://apeda.gov.in/milletportal/


On Fri, Jun 14, 2024 at 10:45?AM saiway_in@outlook.com<mailto:saiway_in@outlook.com> <saiway_in@outlook.com<mailto:saiway_in@outlook.com>> wrote:
Hii Don Osborn,

Thank you so much for the Opportunity We will Be waiting for your Updates.

 Let us together Promote NAMA and Guide people about importance of Growing and consuming Millets .

Best Regards,

SAIWAY INTERNATIONAL
Chinmay Salimath(Dir)
Ph:7760396183/7892540270
saiway_in@outlook.com/connectus@saiway-international.com<http://saiway_in@outlook.com/connectus@saiway-international.com>
www.saiway-international.com<http://www.saiway-international.com>
EXPORTING EXCELLENECE WORLDWIDE
[cid:ii_1902060418cad98d9188]        [cid:ii_1902060418c6651ccf29]           [cid:ii_1902060418cdadfe637a]  [cid:ii_1902060418ccb6acac2b] [cid:ii_1902060418c914b29c6c]  [cid:ii_1902060418cb6e3aa45d] [cid:ii_1902060418df9783656e]




________________________________
From: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org<mailto:don@milletsalliance.org>>
Sent: Wednesday, June 12, 2024 7:05 PM
To: saiway_in@outlook.com<mailto:saiway_in@outlook.com> <saiway_in@outlook.com<mailto:saiway_in@outlook.com>>
Cc: collab@lists.millets2023.space<mailto:collab@lists.millets2023.space> <collab@lists.millets2023.space<mailto:collab@lists.millets2023.space>>
Subject: Re: [Collab] Official Request, Seeking Importers of Millets from NAMA.

Thank you, Chinmay Salimath, for your communication about your millets export business, and your interest in developing it in North America. The service NAMA can offer to businesses such as yours, at this time, is simply to facilitate sharing of this information within our community of interest.

One of the areas I personally am interested in is developing a directory of importers of millets and millet products to this region (US, Canada, Mexico). So what you have shared is helpful. My impression is that there is much better information on exporters of millets (specifically sorghum, proso millet, and perhaps teff) from this region to the rest of the world, since some of that is on a much larger scale.

To the Collab list membership in general, just a reminder that we do allow companies involved with millets to promote their business or products on this list once every 6 months.

Best to all,

Don

Don Osborn, PhD
(East Lansing, MI, US)
North American Millets Alliance - co-founder


On Wed, Jun 12, 2024 at 9:16?AM saiway_in--- via Collab <collab@lists.millets2023.space<mailto:collab@lists.millets2023.space>> wrote:
Hii NAMA Team,

Good day to you!!!

We would like to introduce ?SAIWAY INTERNATIONAL? which has come a long way ever since its establishment in the year 2015, and has established a strong foothold in the market. We have come to be recognized as an eminent Manufacturer, Supplier and Exporter of Millets and Millets Value Products

Now, we are focusing to develop business in Being our valuable representative in a North America We need your help / support to establish new trade relationship with North America So we request you to kindly provide us details of the Buyers, Importers, Wholesalers, Companies and Traders related to below mentioned items to communicate with them and to establish new business relationship.

Kindly Revert

We are forwarding below our company details for your kind reference.

COMPANY PROFILE:

Business Type : Exporter, Supplier,

Export Perce80ntage : 100%

Primary Competitive Advantages : Superlative quality, Competitive prices, timely
Delivery, Customer oriented approach

Annual Production Capacity : 800 Tons / month

Product Range : Millets and Millet Value Products

Membership : Registered Exporter under Govt. of India DGFT, FIEO, MSME-UDYAM, FSSAI, Global LINKER and USFDA Facility Registered.

Focused Industries : Manufacturer, Traders & Exporters of  Millets, Fruits

We look forward to receive your earliest and positive reply and the details.

Best Regards,

SAIWAY INTERNATIONAL
Chinmay Salimath(Dir)
Ph:7760396183/7892540270
saiway_in@outlook.com/connectus@saiway-international.com<http://saiway_in@outlook.com/connectus@saiway-international.com>
www.saiway-international.com<http://www.saiway-international.com>
EXPORTING EXCELLENECE WORLDWIDE
[cid:ii_1902060418cc87bc9941]        [cid:ii_1902060418c1bd346ee2]           [cid:ii_1902060418cd5a491f43]  [cid:ii_1902060418c2ef19d3a4] [cid:ii_1902060418c3e1261b55]  [cid:ii_1902060418c9d2c2c96] [cid:ii_1902060418c2334c7247]






--
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Subject: Digest Footer



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End of Collab Digest, Vol 32, Issue 7
*************************************


--
Author, Gary W. Wietgrefe,
https://www.RelatingtoAncients.com/
Destination North Pole--5,000 km by bicycle is an exciting, endearing, humorous, dangerous and sometimes quirky travel adventure. Hardcover, paperback and e-books are available on Amazon or other on-line retailers. My other books tie education, school system, parenting, technology, and business with 21st century culture and learning.