Processing to remove the pericarp (hull) of millets and sorghum vary depending on the type, seed size, and even variety of millet or sorghum. For example, proso has a loose or detached pericarp that removes quite easily compared to sorghum with an attached pericarp and is similar to wheat. Some varieties of proso are easier to hull mechanically than others. Also, hulling equipment must be set based on seed size because foxtail millets have 220,000 t0 240,000 seeds per pound, proso about 80,000 seeds/pound, and sorghum seed can range from 9,000 to 22,000 seeds per pound.

Obviously, seed coat removal of the husk, hull, bran, pericarp, mesocarp, testa, palea, lemma, and etcetera outside the endosperm of each seed type varies. On proso, we simply call it "hulling" or "dehulling" which is the same. Whereas the S. Shobana, et al. article states "dehusking" and "debranning" as quoted: "Results: Debranning resulted in decrease in protein (except for little and barnyard millets), dietary fibre, fat, mineral and phytate content in all the millets while enhanced available carbohydrates and amylose content. The cooking times for dehusked millets were significantly higher ...."

These articles (including the last from Easterly, Jones-Diamond, Dryland Genetics) tie into some of my 2005 private testing on U.of Nebraska's (then) newly released glutinous (waxy/sticky) variety Plateau vs. common white proso. Our research proximate analysis showed hull removal decreased ash, and fiber, while increasing protein, fat, and starch of Plateau and regular white proso. To me it made sense. Proso's hull is fibrous and holds field-residue dust and when removed increases the endosperm protein and starch and germ fat percentage.....Gary Wietgrefe


On Mon, Nov 25, 2024 at 5:00 AM <collab-request@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:
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Today's Topics:

   1. Two articles on processing of millets (Don Osborn)
   2. Article on the 2024 sorghum harvest in the US (Don Osborn)
   3. UNL-CSU proso millet testing in 2nd year (Don Osborn)


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Message: 1
Date: Sun, 24 Nov 2024 22:21:48 -0500
From: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org>
To: collab@lists.millets2023.space
Subject: [Collab] Two articles on processing of millets
Message-ID:
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Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"

Two items to share related to millets processing:

1. Jayasree Joshi, Sivaranjani Shanmuga Kumar, Rahul Kumar Rout, and
Pavuluri Srinivasa Rao, 2025, "*Millet processing: prospects for
climate-smart agriculture and transition from food security to nutritional
security*," Journal of Future Foods, 5(5): 470-479.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfutfo.2024.08.004
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772566924000582)
Abstract: Millets, which are small-seeded grains, are classified under the
Poaceae family and are known for their high nutritive content. Millets are
a viable option for the global population in light of growing concerns
about climate change due to their exceptional tolerance to a variety of
abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, light, and heat. They have
short growing periods and can be sustained in adverse weather conditions
with less irrigation requirements. They encompass morpho-physiological,
molecular, and biochemical characteristics that confer superior resilience
to environmental stress. The millet grains have the potential to contribute
to health and nutrition, rural employment, household incomes, rural and
national economies, and sustainable environmental management. They are a
rich source of both macro and micro nutrients. They contain a significant
amount of bioactive substances, along with minerals such as iron, calcium,
phosphorus, and zinc. Millets need to be processed for consumption and
preparation to improve its nutritional and sensory properties. The major
challenge in millet processing is due to the lack of proper processing
machineries, presence of antinutritional factors and the poor shelf life of
the flour due to high lipase activity. This limitation can be mitigated by
using the appropriate processing methods. This article gives an insight
into millet processing and value addition and its role in ensuring
nutritional security through climate-smart agriculture.
Keywords: Millets; Climate resilient crops; Smart agriculture; Food
security; Value addition

(Thanks to Hikmet Boyacioglu for posting this on LinkedIn. NB- The year in
the citation is indeed 2025. One surprise for me was the discussion of
electrical pulses as part of processing.)


2. Shobana, S., Mohanraj, K., Malleshi, N.G. et al. "Impact of debranning
on the nutritional, cooking, microstructural characteristics of five Indian
small millets." Discover Food 4, 136 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-024-00209-1
Abstract:
Background: Millets are underutilized grains rich in nutrients. This study
aimed to investigate the impact of debranning on the nutritional, cooking,
and microstructural properties of five Indian millets namely foxtail,
little, kodo, barnyard, and proso millet.

Methods: The proximate composition, mineral content, cooking properties
(cooking time, solid loss, water uptake, alkali score), Fourier Transform
Infra Red (FTIR) spectra, X ray Diffraction (XRD) and microstructural
characteristics (Scanning Electron Microscopy) of dehusked and debranned
millet samples were examined and analysed.

Results: Debranning resulted in decrease in protein (except for little and
barnyard millets), dietary fibre, fat, mineral and phytate content in all
the millets while enhanced available carbohydrates and amylose content. The
cooking times for dehusked millets were significantly higher while the
solid loss and water uptake during cooking of debranned millets were
higher. On debranning, Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectra showed
changes in the pattern with increase in the intensity of amide II (1363 to
1367 cm?1) and amide III (1215 to 1231 cm?1) bands in the debranned
foxtail, little, and kodo millets. The X-ray diffractogram (XRD) showed
decrease in relative crystallinity on debranning. Scanning Electron
Microscopic (SEM) examination revealed that debranning resulted in the loss
of seed coat, aleurone layer and partial loss of germ in the millets.

Conclusion: Dehusked millets are nutritious and should be promoted in
Indian diets to improve diet quality, debranned millets are nutritionally
inferior, can increase the glycemic load of Indian diets.

(This is a topic I've personally wondered about. In some approaches to
processing are we losing some of the benefits of millets that we are
touting?)


Don Osborn, PhD
(East Lansing, MI, US)
North American Millets Alliance
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Message: 2
Date: Sun, 24 Nov 2024 23:12:39 -0500
From: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org>
To: collab@lists.millets2023.space
Subject: [Collab] Article on the 2024 sorghum harvest in the US
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Farm Progress featured a positive report on the 2024 US grain
hashtag#sorghum crop, after concerns about drought earlier in the year.

"Southwest sorghum rated good to excellent," by Ron Smith & Shelley E.
Huguley (Farm Progress, 14 Oct. 2024)
https://www.farmprogress.com/sorghum/southwest-sorghum-rated-good-to-excellent

The article quotes Brent Bean of the United Sorghum Checkoff Program as
saying: "Overall, the grain sorghum crop is good; in some places, it?s
excellent." Dr. Bean also discussed some management issues and new
initiatives.

Don Osborn, PhD
(East Lansing, MI, US)
North American Millets Alliance
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Message: 3
Date: Sun, 24 Nov 2024 23:25:48 -0500
From: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org>
To: collab@lists.millets2023.space
Subject: [Collab] UNL-CSU proso millet testing in 2nd year
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Numerous varieties of proso millet are being evaluated by researchers from
the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Colorado State University in a joint
effort. An update entitled "Cooperative Proso Millet Testing in Second
Year" is presented by Amanda Easterly (Research Asst. Prof. at UNL) and
Sally Jones-Diamond (Dir., Crops Testing Prog., CSU) on UNL's Cropwatch
site (6 Nov. 2024)
https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2024/cooperative-proso-millet-testing-second-year

"Together with CSU Crops Testing, the UNL Crops Testing Team just wrapped
up its second year of cooperative variety testing, aimed at providing
growers and breeders with multi-location and multi-year yield and quality
estimates. In this initiative, proso millet varieties that have been in use
for decades, such as Earlybird and Huntsman, are tested against newer
commercially available varieties such as Plateau and DLG 240. Also included
are experimental varieties developed by UNL Alternative Crops Breeder
[Prof.] Dipak Santra and the company Dryland Genetics, whose breeder
Santosh Rajput, PhD. is a UNL graduate."

Don Osborn, PhD
(East Lansing, MI, US)
North American Millets Alliance
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End of Collab Digest, Vol 34, Issue 13
**************************************


--
Author, Gary W. Wietgrefe,
https://www.RelatingtoAncients.com/
Destination North Pole--5,000 km by bicycle is an exciting, endearing, humorous, dangerous and sometimes quirky travel adventure. Hardcover, paperback and e-books are available on Amazon or other on-line retailers. My other books tie education, school system, parenting, technology, and business with 21st century culture and learning.