The latest issue of Crop Science features a special section on the International Year of Millets. The CFP for this opened in Dec. 2022 and closed at the end of March this year (we mentioned it here in Feb. 2024).

The special section includes 12 research articles on sorghum, pearl millet, proso millet, and finger millet, plus one on on production and cultivation dynamics of millets in India. Some of the articles, but not all, are tagged as open access.

Thank you to David Brenner for forwarding this.

DO, EL, MI, US
NAMA



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Cover Image Crop Science
Volume 64, Issue 5

Pages: 2419-2907

September/October 2024
Browse table of contents

ISSUE INFORMATION

Free Access
Issue Information

First Published: 26 September 2024

Issue Information Issue 5, 2024

On the cover: To commemorate and spread the value and importance of millets at a global level, the United Nations declared 2023 as the International Year of Millets. It is an opportunity to emphasize the uniqueness of millets grown in arid and drier semi-arid regions with low levels of inputs and presenting high resilience to the adverse effects of climate. In this issue we feature articles focused on a range of millet types and research areas including crop improvement and breeding, phenotyping, envirotyping, crop physiology, management, crop modeling, nutritional quality, and grain composition. See the introduction to the special section by lead editors Ignacio Ciampitti, Ramasamy Perumal, and O.P. Yadav (https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21355). Photo credit: Joshua Machicek.

REVIEW

Forage & Grazinglands

Forage legume responses to climate change factors
Lynn E. Sollenberger, Marta M. Kohmann

Pages: 2419-2432 | First Published: 22 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • Legume forage accumulation, N fixation, and proportion increase in mixed swards under enriched CO2.
  • Elevated temperature decreases legume nutritive value and may ameliorate positive legume response to enriched CO2.
  • Drought stress reduces legume forage accumulation, but drought effects on nutritive value are inconsistent.
  • Climate change may affect legume flower number, nectar composition, pollinator visits, and reproductive success.
  • Legume responses to climate change can be generalized, but interactions with species and local environments occur.

SPECIAL SECTION: INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF MILLETS

Crop Science special issue: International Year of Millets
Ignacio A. Ciampitti, Ramasamy Perumal, O. P. Yadav

Pages: 2433-2435 | First Published: 17 September 2024

Crop Breeding & Genetics

Open Access
Invasive sorghum aphid: A decade of research on deciphering plant resistance mechanisms and novel approaches in breeding for sorghum resistance to aphids
Mahendar Thudi, M. S. Sai Reddy, Yogesh Dashrath Naik, Varun Kumar Reddy Cheruku, Manoj Kumar Reddy Sangireddy, Hugo E. Cuevas, Joseph E. Knoll, Joe Louis, Chandrasekar S. Kousik, Michael D. Toews, Xinzhi Ni, Somashekhar M. Punnuri

Pages: 2436-2458 | First Published: 09 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • Understanding aphid–sorghum interactions, mechanisms underlying aphid survival, and plant tolerance is crucial for sorghum breeding.
  • Efforts are made during the last decade to address sorghum–aphid problems to identify key genes for enhancing resistance to sorghum aphids.
  • High-throughput technologies coupled with genome-based breeding, genome editing, and artificial intelligence enable accelerated development of aphid-resistant varieties.

Production and cultivation dynamics of millets in India
O. P. Yadav, D. V. Singh, Vandita Kumari, Manoj Prasad, Sushmita Seni, Roshan Kumar Singh, S. Sood, Lakshmi Kant, B. Dayakar Rao, R. Madhusudhana, B. Venkatesh Bhat, S. K. Gupta, D. K. Yadava, T. Mohapatra

Pages: 2459-2484 | First Published: 24 February 2024

Core Ideas

  • There have been significant changes in millet cultivation in India during last seven decades.
  • Millets registered a 60% decline in area and 200% rise in productivity.
  • Production of millets has remained same during last seven decades.
  • Millets would play a greater role in future agriculture due to anticipated challenges posed by climate-change.
  • Increasing millet productivity and promoting consumption are the key issues to be addressed.

Strategies for enhancing productivity, resilience, nutritional quality, and consumption of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] for food and nutritional security in India
O. P. Yadav, S. K. Gupta, M. Govindaraj, D. V. Singh, A. Verma, R. Sharma, R. S. Mahala, S. K. Srivastava, P. S. Birthal

Pages: 2485-2503 | First Published: 02 September 2024

Core Ideas

  • Pearl millet has an important role in increasing climatic resilience of agri-food system and reducing malnutrition.
  • Strategies of enhancing yield focused on hybrid development, disease resistance, and genetic diversification.
  • Use of adapted germplasm and elite materials proved effective in amalgamating drought tolerance and productivity.
  • In future, yield is to be increased along with resilience using conventional, genomics-assisted, and speed breeding.
  • There is need to enhance the consumption of nutritious pearl millet by strengthening value-chain and creating awareness.

Understanding seasonal influence on sorghum productivity traits
Chandrasekhar Reddy Aruna, R. Madhusudhana, Cheruku Deepika

Pages: 2504-2518 | First Published: 14 February 2024

Core Ideas

  • Thirty-two sorghum genotypes were evaluated across five seasons to understand seasonal effects on yield and morphology.
  • Seasons significantly influenced the range for days to maturity, grain filling period, plant height, and grain weight.
  • The grain filling period and plant height reduced during summer.
  • CSH 13, CSH 25, and CSH 16 were high-yielding stable lines across seasons identified through additive main-effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI), genotype + genotype × environment (GGE), and multi-trait stability index (MTSI).
  • Trait associations slightly differ with seasons, and correlation between grain yield and grain weight was stable.

Open Access
Envirotyping can increase genomic prediction accuracy of new environments in grain sorghum trials depending on mega‐environment
Noah D. Winans, Jales M. O. Fonseca, Ramasamy Perumal, Patricia E. Klein, Robert R. Klein, William L. Rooney

Pages: 2519-2533 | First Published: 26 February 2024

Core Ideas

  • Envirotyping can increase the information available to a plant breeding program.

  • Enviromic-assisted genomic prediction can increase the prediction accuracy of unobserved environments.

  • Genomic prediction can greatly support a breeding program when combined with sparse hybrid trials.

Classification of new germplasm into existing heterotic groups of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]
Rakshith Papanna, I. Shanker Goud, Anilkumar Vemula, B. V. Tembhurene, M. K. Meena, Shashi Kumar Gupta

Pages: 2534-2551 | First Published: 12 March 2024

Core Ideas

  • There is significant variation observed in pearl millet germplasm owing to its combining ability patterns.
  • The specific combining ability effect had shown to be useful in determining the heterotic grouping of the pearl millet populations.
  • Heterotic group composite testers exhibited higher breeding efficiency in classifying new populations into heterotic groups.
  • Testcross performance, general combining ability effect, and single nucleotide polymorphism based genetic similarity were helpful in assigning inbred lines to heterotic group.
  • The introduction of new germplasm into heterotic group will broaden the genetic base and enhance genetic gain in hybrid breeding.

Drought tolerance and grain yield performance of genetically diverse pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] seed and restorer parental lines
Ajay Prasanth Ramalingam, Akilan Rathinagiri, Desalegn D. Serba, Parani Madasamy, Raveendran Muthurajan, P. V. Vara Prasad, Ramasamy Perumal

Pages: 2552-2568 | First Published: 29 May 2024

Core Ideas

  • The objective of this study was to identify potential drought-tolerant seed and pollinator lines for pearl millet hybrid development.
  • The Presence of greater genetic diversity between the B and R lines of pearl millet was revealed.
  • The Genotype plus genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot indicated the significant environment and treatment effect(s).
  • Seven seed parents and six pollinators were identified as potential parents to develop high-yielding hybrids for semiarid tropics.

Plant Genetic Resources

Characterization of finger millet global germplasm diversity panel for grain nutrients content for utilization in biofortification breeding
Chinnadurai Backiyalakshmi, Chakrapani Babu, Santosh Deshpande, Mahalingam Govindaraj, Rajeev Gupta, Rajaprakasam Sudhagar, Dagunapur Naresh, Seetha Anitha, Ovais Peerzada, Sobhan Sajja, Kuldeep Singh, Mani Vetriventhan

Pages: 2569-2588 | First Published: 25 August 2023

Core Ideas

  • Finger millet is a highly versatile dryland crop renowned for its remarkable calcium content.
  • The study highlights significant variability in the grain nutrients content of finger millet germplasm.
  • The promising nutrients dense accessions identified are a valuable resource for finger millet improvement.
  • Consuming 100 g of finger millet grains could potentially contribute up to 49% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of calcium.

Wide hybridization in sorghum with tertiary gene pool for diversification of parental lines
Kanti Meena, Jinu Jacob, M. Bhavyasri, C. Aruna, P. Sanjana Reddy, P. Rajendrakumar, Avinash Singode, C. Tara Satyavathi, K. B. R. S. Visarada

Pages: 2589-2598 | First Published: 15 February 2024

Core Ideas

  • Inter-specific hybridization followed by a single backcross is used to widen the genetic base of sorghum parental lines.
  • Thirteen derivatives from three inter-specific crosses are evaluated in the field for six seasons.
  • Morphological data for six seasons in conjunction with molecular data are used for characterization of these lines.
  • Morphological and molecular clustering revealed that Sorghum versicolor derivatives are more dispersed than those of S. usumbarense.
  • Genetically diverse lines with good agronomic performance for use in sorghum breeding programs are identified.

Open Access
Phenotypic diversity for morpho‐agronomic traits in the US proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) core collection
Santosh G. Rajput, Rituraj Khound, Dipak K. Santra

Pages: 2599-2611 | First Published: 16 April 2024

Core Ideas

  • The intent of this study was to evaluate 77 proso millet genotypes in the field for nine morpho-agronomic traits.
  • The genotypes were significantly different for all traits, and new genotypes with desired traits were identified.
  • Many traits were significantly correlated and were affected by genotype by environment interactions.
  • Cluster analysis grouped all the genotypes into six major clusters.
  • The information from this study can be used for selecting parents and selection indices for proso millet breeding.

Crop Physiology & Metabolism

Impact of root architecture and transpiration rate on drought tolerance in stay‐green sorghum
Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman, Srinivasan Gowsiga, Mahalingam Govindaraj, Ephrem Habyarimana, Alagarswamy Senthil, Nallasamy Thavaprakaash, Prabhakaran Jeyakumar, Jayavel Kokilavani, Chellapandiyan Chellammal

Pages: 2612-2629 | First Published: 23 September 2023

Core Ideas

  • Sorghum genotypes with contrasting leaf senescence traits were evaluated under drought stress for stay-green.
  • Stay-green and nodal root angle has been positively associated with terminal drought tolerance in sorghum.
  • Stay-green genotypes had a significantly increased root length than senescent genotypes under drought stress.
  • Stay-green genotypes had an earlier decrease in the transpiration rate than senescent genotypes under drying soil.

Exploring genotypic diversity in sorghum breeding lines for water‐saving traits to enhance drought adaptation during the post‐rainy season
Sivasakthi Kaliamoorthy, Anil Gaddameedi, Tharanya Murugesan, Sunita Gorthy, Boddupalli Sravani, Nagalakshmi Neelam, Jaganathan Jayakumar, Sunita Choudhary, Jana Kholovà, Mahalingham Govindaraj

Pages: 2630-2651 | First Published: 09 June 2024

Core Ideas

  • Post-rainy sorghum cultivation in India is vital and aligns with ICRISAT's product profile.
  • Water conservation traits (e.g., limited transpiration rate [TR]) optimize yield under water deficit by maximizing water capture and use.
  • We observed significant variation in TR, NTR-FTSW (normalized transpiration ratio-fraction of transpirable soil water) thresholds, and transpiration efficiency (TE), crucial for drought adaptation.
  • R lines consistently showed better plant growth, higher biomass, and TE, compared to B lines.
  • Promising sorghum genotypes, with enhanced vigor and improved TE, offer for post-rainy drought adaptation.

Genetic variation for grain iron and zinc concentration in the US sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] association panel
M. Djanaguiraman, K. Vimala, P. A. Sofi, R. Perumal, P. V. V. Prasad

Pages: 2652-2665 | First Published: 04 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • In the sorghum association panel, the durra race had the highest grain P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, and Mn concentrations.
  • The elite sorghum breeding lines had the highest concentrations of grain Fe and Zn.
  • Except for Fe and Zn, all the grain nutrients were higher under rainfed than in irrigated conditions.
  • SC1080 had the highest Fe concentration, whereas RTx437 had the highest Zn concentration.
  • SC1085 possessed a high grain yield and high Fe, and Macia possessed a high grain yield and high Zn concentration.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Crop Breeding & Genetics

Fiber production repeatability and selection of promising fique (Furcraea spp.) genotypes
Laura Espitia-Negrete, Luz Fanny Orozco-Orozco, José Miguel Cotes Torres, Clara Inés Medina-Cano, Nancy Yohana Grisales-Vasquez

Pages: 2666-2678 | First Published: 09 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • The genetic potential of the working collection of fique is described.
  • Furcraea has low potential heritability in fiber yield and fiber percentage.
  • There are promising fique accessions to supply the demand for natural fiber.

Open Access
On‐farm evaluation of cassava clones using the triadic comparison of technology options approach
Ann Ritah Nanyonjo, Stephen Angudubo, Paula Iragaba, David Brown, Ephraim Nuwamanya, Williams Esuma, Alfred Ozimati, Enoch Wembabazi, Michael Kanaabi, Nicholas Muhumuza, Irene Bayiyana, Jacob van Etten, Kauê de Sousa, Hale Tufan, Robert Sezi Kawuki

Pages: 2679-2697 | First Published: 03 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • We applied the tricot (triadic comparison of technology options) approach to evaluate elite cassava clones on-farm, exploring how the linked data can be used to advance clones for breeding.
  • We used a rank-aggregation approach to assess the on-farm performance of two different sets of elite cassava clones.
  • We assessed the effect of sociodemographic and geographic factors on the on-farm agronomic performance of elite cassava clones.
  • We assessed the performance of elite cassava clones for beneficial agronomic and food quality traits for consideration in advancement and varietal release.

Correlations among New Mexico pod‐type green chile (Capsicum annuum) fruit morphology characteristics with destemming force
Israel Joukhadar, Franchesca Ortega, Ciro Velasco-Cruz, Derek Barchenger, Theresa Hill, Allen Van Deynze, Stephanie Walker

Pages: 2698-2708 | First Published: 02 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • Destemming force is the amount of force necessary to remove the pedicel and calyx from fruit.
  • Destemming force has significant positive phenotypic correlations with fruit length, width, and pericarp thickness.
  • Pericarp thickness and destemming force may be influenced by similar gene effects.

Robust and smart: Inference on phenotypic plasticity of Coffea canephora reveals adaptation to alternative environments
Maria Amélia G. Ferrão, Elaine M. Riva-Souza, Camila Azevedo, Paulo S. Volpi, Aymbiré F. A. Fonseca, Romario G. Ferrão, Christopher Montagnon, Luis Felipe V. Ferrão

Pages: 2709-2724 | First Published: 09 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • Coffee sustainability is facing critical challenges given the projected climate changes.
  • Inference on plant plasticity can identify plants more subjected to genotype-by-environment interaction, and therefore mitigate the detrimental effect of rapidly changing climate.
  • Analyses of Coffea canephora phenotypic plasticity highlighted genotypes with broad and specific adaptation to certain environmental conditions.
  • Results shed new light on the use of C. canephora as an alternative for climate-smart coffee cultivars.

Factor analysis applied to simultaneous selection for resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot
Jussara Mencalha, Mariana Andrade Dias, Elaine Aparecida de Souza, Vinícius Quintão Carneiro, Pedro Crescêncio Souza Carneiro, José Eustáquio de Souza Carneiro

Pages: 2725-2735 | First Published: 14 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • Tools for selecting resistant lines are crucial for the success in breeding programs aiming resistance.
  • Factor analysis proved to be an alternative for accurate selection of resistant cultivars.
  • Six cultivars were selected by factor analysis as resistant to anthracnose and angular leaf spot.

Gene pyramiding for achieving enhanced disease and insect multiple resistance in Coffea arabica
Francielle de Matos Feitosa, Iara Gonçalves dos Santos, Antonio Alves Pereira, Antonio Carlos Baião de Oliveira, Eveline Teixeira Caixeta

Pages: 2736-2747 | First Published: 09 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • The Ck-1 gene that confers resistance to coffee berry disease is present in 68% of the individuals of the F2 population.
  • Most of the F2 individuals have rust-resistance genes.
  • The 38 top-ranked individuals presented multiple resistance loci.

Open Access
Modeling the impact of resource allocation decisions on genomic prediction using maize multi‐environment data
Dylan L. Schoemaker, Dayane Cristina Lima, Natalia de Leon, Shawn M. Kaeppler

Pages: 2748-2767 | First Published: 23 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • Plant breeding programs using genomic selection strive to maximize genetic gain per plot unit of training data.
  • The distribution of resources within a hybrid breeding program significantly impacts genomic prediction accuracy.
  • Accurate genomic prediction models can be produced using data from five or fewer locations.
  • Training data from environments with the greatest heritability led to the highest genomic prediction accuracy.
  • Plant breeding programs with limited budgets can build prediction models using resource-efficient training sets.

Open Access
Genetic gain of Dekalb brand maize hybrids released during the first two decades of this century in the United States 95–115 relative maturity markets
Sofía P. Brandariz, David V. Butruille

Pages: 2768-2776 | First Published: 16 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • First era study including nearly all hybrids from Bayer Dekalb brand (95- to 115-day maturities) from 2000 to 2020.
  • Genetic gain was positive and significant for yield for the 269 hybrids and across the five relative maturity groups.
  • Genetic gain was negative (desirable) and significant for plant height across the relative maturities.
  • No significant changes were found for moisture and test weight.
  • Genetic gain estimates were consistent with predictions using the company's genomic estimated breeding values.

Open Access
Inheritance of seed, flower, and anther colors and their linkage in diverse flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes
Ahasanul Hoque, T. M. Shaikh, Mukhlesur Rahman

Pages: 2777-2788 | First Published: 25 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • This research examined the number of genes controlling seed color, flower color, and anther color in oilseed flax, as well as their genetic interactions.
  • To reach conclusions, 16 crosses were made among different parents.
  • This research will facilitate indirect selection and help in developing markers for marker-assisted selection in flax breeding program.

Proposal of a super trait for increased grain yield, popping expansion, and ear rot resistance in popcorn
Rafael Nunes de Almeida, Marcelo Vivas, Yure Pequeno de Souza, Júlio Cesar Gradice Saluci, Luana Cruz Vasconcelos, Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Júnior

Pages: 2789-2800 | First Published: 25 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • Ear rot reduces the popping expansion in popcorn.
  • The popping volume without Fusarium enabled simultaneous gains in yield, popping expansion, and reduction of ear rot in all environments.
  • Higher selection intensities hinder the achievement of simultaneous gains in several environments.

Open Access
Andean common bean bulk breeding lines selected on multiple continents exhibit broad genetic diversity and stress adaptation
Rie Sadohara, Karen Cichy, Deidre Fourie, Susan Nchimbi Msolla, Qijian Song, Phil Miklas, Tim Porch

Pages: 2801-2822 | First Published: 25 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • Phaseolus Improvement Cooperative (PIC) populations were developed from Andean bean bulk breeding populations.
  • PIC populations were selected in Tanzania, South Africa, Puerto Rico, and Washington to reflect local preferences.
  • Several Andean Diversity Panel accessions were frequently represented as parents in pedigrees of superior lines.
  • Bulk breeding populations serve as an efficient resource for improvement of stress tolerance and productivity.

Open Access
Genetic mapping and QTL analysis of multigenic resistance to powdery mildew (Podosphaera macularis) in hop (Humulus lupulus L.)
John A. Henning, Michele S. Wiseman, David H. Gent, Lillian K. Padgitt-Cobb, Reginald Appiah-Kubi, David A. Hendrix

Pages: 2823-2839 | First Published: 31 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • Unique resistance to powdery mildew in hops is linked to a 5-Mb region on chromosome 6.
  • Clusters of R-genes may result in durable resistance to powdery mildew.
  • Sulfur-rich proteins typically associated with insect resistance may play roles in plant resistance too.

Genomics, Molecular Genetics & Biotechnology

Transcriptome analysis of the molecular basis of 11‐eicosenoic acid‐mediated salt stress tolerance in rice
Shiqing Dong, Juan He, Yuming Luo, Xiaokang Han

Pages: 2840-2853 | First Published: 22 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • The exogenous application of 11-eicosenoic acid could enhance salt tolerance in rice.
  • Phytohormones and fatty acid-related genes were implicated in the mitigation effect of EA on salt stress in rice.
  • The exogenous 11-eicosenoic acid induced the biosynthesis of multiple diterpenoids.

The draft genome of Piper longum L.
Deepu Mathew, Ravisankar Valsalan

Pages: 2854-2862 | First Published: 28 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • Draft genome of long pepper (Piper longum) was sequenced on Illumina platform at 150x coverage.
  • A genome of 447.7 Mb was assembled, accommodating 54,419 gene models.
  • Piperine biosynthesis-related pathways were revealed through functional annotation of the genome.
  • Phylogenetic analysis revealed the relation of long pepper with other members of Piperaceae.
  • Piperine synthase and Piperamide synthase genes had comparable expression in leaves and spikes.

Crop Physiology & Metabolism

Modulating soybean yield responses to climate warming: The role of E3 and E4 loci in growth period adaptation
Etsushi Kumagai, Satoshi Nakano, Naoki Matsuo, Tetsuya Yamada

Pages: 2863-2876 | First Published: 29 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • We tested the benefits of day length–sensitive E3 and E4 loci in adapting to warming.
  • A Japanese leading cultivar, Enrei, and its near-isogenic lines were grown under three temperature regimes.
  • Warming increased seed yield per plant and pod number per plant in genotypes with E3 or E4.
  • The increased pod number per plant was due to the extended R1–R3 period.
  • The R1–R3 period was extended because of long days rather than supra-optimal temperatures.

Crop Ecology, Management & Quality

Winter wheat response to plant density in yield contest fields
Romulo P. Lollato, Luiz O. Pradella, Nicolas Giordano, Luke P. Ryan, Jorge R. Soler, Luana M. Simão, Brent R. Jaenisch, Rick Horton

Pages: 2877-2893 | First Published: 16 July 2024

Core Ideas

  • Winter wheat response to plant density depends on resource availability.
  • Under high resource (fertility and moisture), winter wheat response to density relied on fall temperature.
  • Note that 68–91 plants m−2 reached 95% maximum yield in four out of five seasons under optimum sowing time.
  • Note that 312 plants m−2 reached 95% maximum yield in one out of five seasons with late sowing.
  • Current seeding rate recommendations could be lowered for intensively managed fields.

Comparison of population photosynthesis characteristics and grain yield of wheat under various sowing dates and seeding rates
Ying Liu, Wei Cai, Kuanyu Zhu, Yunji Xu, Weilu Wang, Hao Zhang, Junfei Gu, Zhiqin Wang, Lijun Liu, Jianhua Zhang, Weiyang Zhang, Jianchang Yang

Pages: 2894-2907 | First Published: 05 August 2024

Core Ideas

  • Increasing seeding rate can offset reduced grain yield caused by delayed sowing in wheat.
  • Increasing seeding rate increases biomass under delayed sowing in wheat.
  • Increasing seeding rate optimizes population photosynthesis under delayed sowing in wheat.

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