Thank you Don for investigating elusive millet production.

Ancient crops, like millet, are not considered industrial crops, therefore I am extremely cautious quoting production numbers, especially by type of millet. At least two of your sources date to 1993 and would have used prior sources. No matter how many times those numbers are quoted, even decades later, I consider them highly suspect. For several reasons:

1.) Unreported millet: Mongols have lived on proso millet for thousands of years and still do. The Soviet Union production of millet in Mongolia from 1940-1990 was "Zero!" Though obviously not true, Soviet State Farms's production goals did not include millet, so it was left unreported. Mongolian proso varieties were compared to Russian and varieties of U.S. proso I sent to Mongolia for research in the late 1990s. See (PDF) Ancient Proso Millet and the Twentieth Century Survival of Mongolia.

Another example is Canada which produces proso millet and sorghum, yet the UN's FAO reports NO millet or sorghum produced in Canada. See FAOSTAT (https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL). Those are crops not reported by Statistics Canada, and I suspect therefore are not reported by the UN.

2.) Mixed data: Production data collected on millets sometimes include sorghum, consequently it is not reliable. See UN's FAO data.

FAOSTAT (https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL). Note that since the 1960s (FAO's reporting period) Canada and Mongolia are not even listed as a millet producers.

3.) Under reporting: By far most acreage of millets produced in the U.S. is not reported by USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service. Millet grain production volume since the late 1990s only lists one millet produced for grain, proso, and only reports 481,000 acres of proso production for 2024 in three states (Colorado, Nebraska, and South Dakota). However, another branch of USDA (Farm Service Agency) reports over forty states (971,443 total acreage) planting proso, foxtail, pearl, Japanese, teff and "common.". Keep in mind, only farms that seek government program payments report to FAS which generally includes millets planted for forage, cover crops, game farms, and wildlife uses. See FAS kmWMJUc631qPEbuuKeWH | Farm Service Agency, compared to NASS page 32 in cropan25.pdf (https://downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu/usda-esmis/files/k3569432s/nk324887m/qn59s0097/cropan25.pdf).

3.) Uses: UN's FAO is mainly concerned about "Food" production, hense their name (Food & Agricultural Organization). FAO is likely the most common source of worldwide and individual country data. Consequently, millet uses for livestock fodder, grazing, erosion control, and wildlife habitat is not reported by the UN.

Without countries reporting actual millet acres, including the U.S., my advice is do not rely on publicly reported millet statistics when estimating millet's actual annual production.....Gary Wietgrefe

On Sun, Feb 9, 2025 at 5:01 AM <collab-request@lists.millets2023.space> wrote:

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Today's Topics:

1. Quantifying global production of grain millets by crop
(Don Osborn)

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Message: 1
Date: Sat, 8 Feb 2025 21:25:04 -0500
From: Don Osborn <don@milletsalliance.org>
To: "collab@lists.millets2023.space" <collab@lists.millets2023.space>
Subject: [Collab] Quantifying global production of grain millets by
crop
Message-ID:
<CA+RHibW7bXbFWtT99813uqLUei7XiaCsRUQPtJgfZ+nbwUgbgQ@mail.gmail.com>
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Trying to get clear current estimates of global production of various
millets is not easy. First of all, current statistics gathered by USDA and
by FAOSTAT collapse all millets ("grains surname millet") under a single
"millet" category. Secondly, some of the sources that have figures on
production of one or another or several millets are two or three decades
old. Then there are sources that are behind paywalls.

In any event, from some research on the matter, I got the impression
several years ago that the production levels of the main 4 or 5 (including
sorghum) millets followed this pattern: Sorghum, alone, had double the
production - around 60 million metric tons (MT) per year - of all the other
millets combined - around 30 million MT/yr. Pearl millet then had half that
amount, or around 15 million MT. The remainder was split among - in order -
foxtail millet, proso millet, finger millet, and all the rest. Figures for
the rest might be on local and national levels but might take some time to
aggregate.

Anyway, I put together a list of some sources with estimates, below. These
are for millets (without sorghum), pearl millet, foxtail millet, proso
millet, and finger millet. Although these are from different times and
sources, they tend to support the proportions indicated above:

MILLETS, TOGETHER, WITHOUT SORGHUM (28-31 million MT?)

"The annual world production of millets accounts for about 30,463,642 t."

Pexov? Kalinov? J, T??ska J, Ho?ej?? K. "Comparison of the Main
Constituents in Two Varieties of Proso Millet Using GC-MS." *Foods*. 2023
Jun 7;12(12):2294. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122294 . PMID: 37372504;
PMCID: PMC10297711. Quoting in footnote, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture
Organization of The United Nations, Rome. [(accessed on 30 July 2022)].
Available online: https://fenix.fao.org/faostat/internal/en/#data/QCL.

"Millet 2024. World Production: 31,073 (1000 MT) (PS&D Online updated
01/2025)"

USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, FAS Home / IPAD Home / Crop Explorer /
Commodity Explorer / Millet (accessed 8 Feb. 2025)
https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/cropview/commodityView.aspx?cropid=0459100

"Developing countries, mainly in Asia and Africa, account for about 94
percent of global output, estimated at some 28 million tons (1992-94
average, Table 1). Of this, pearl millet accounts for about 15 million
tons, foxtail millet for 5 million tons, proso millet for 4 million tons
and finger millet for over 3 million tons."

The World Sorghum and Millet Economies: Facts, Trends and Outlook, FAO &
ICRISAT, 1996 https://www.fao.org/4/w1808e/w1808e0c.htm

PEARL MILLET (15-18 million MT?)

"Pearl millet accounts for almost half of global millet production."

"The Global Agro-Ecological Zoning, version 4. Crop profile: Pearl and
Foxtail millets"
https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/data.gaezdev.aws.fao.org/crop_profiles/GAEZ_Crop_profile_pearl_and_foxtailmillet_20230309.pdf
(accessed 8 Feb. 2025; this is apparently connected with
https://gaez.fao.org/ )

"According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO), in 2019, global pearl millet production was approximately 17.9
million metric tons."

"Pearl millet," by Lynette Abbott, Cultivation December 8, 2024
https://cultivationag.com/pearl-millet/

FOXTAIL MILLET (5-6 million MT?)

"Total production of foxtail millet is around 5.7 ? 10^6 t of grain per
year"

M.I. Gomez, S.C. Gupta, "Millets," in B. Caballero, ed., *Encyclopedia of
Food Sciences and Nutrition* (2nd Ed.), Academic Press, 2003, Pages
3974-3979, ISBN 9780122270550,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00791-4. (
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012227055X007914).
This article is reproduced from *Encyclopaedia of Food Science, Food
Technology and Nutrition*, Copyright 1993, Academic Press.

PROSO MILLET (4-5 million MT?)

"Proso ranks third after pearl millet and foxtail millet in terms of total
global millet production, about 5 ? 10^6 t of grain per year."

M.I. Gomez, S.C. Gupta, "Millets," in B. Caballero, ed., *Encyclopedia of
Food Sciences and Nutrition* (2nd Ed.), Academic Press, 2003, Pages
3974-3979, ISBN 9780122270550,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00791-4. (
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012227055X007914).
This article is reproduced from *Encyclopaedia of Food Science, Food
Technology and Nutrition*, Copyright 1993, Academic Press.

FINGER MILLET (3-5 million MT?)

"With an estimated global annual planting area of 4-4.5 million hectares
and a total production of 5 million tons of grain, finger millet plays a
pivotal role in ensuring food security and sustenance for millions of
people."

"Finger Millet: A Story of Health. Crop Chronicles: 13 Nov 2024," Crop
Trust,
https://www.croptrust.org/story-articles/finger-millet-a-story-of-health/

If you have any other sources or figures for any of the above, please let
us know.

Don Osborn, PhD
(East Lansing, MI, US)
North American Millets Alliance
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